“…Very few studies, however, have explored the relationship between hope and CDSE. Within the SCCT framework, it is reasonable to assume that hope serves as a personal factor that leads to individual differences in CDSE, as research has supported the influence of personal characteristics on CDSE, including personality traits (Bullock-Yowell, Andrews, & Buzzetta, 2011; Wang et al, 2006), core self-evaluation (Koumoundourou, Kounenou, & Siavara, 2012), optimism (Creed, Patton, & Bartrum, 2004), and resiliency (Barto, Lambert, & Brott, 2015). In particular, Lent et al (1994) contended that cognitive factors might affect individuals’ interpretation of their experiences and in turn their self-efficacy.…”