Career Aspirations of Women in the 20th Century

Abstract

Women have increasingly become more involved in the workforce following World War II. Paid employment of women has shifted from primarily traditional female-oriented jobs to more non-traditional, and previously male-oriented careers. Women's participation in the workforce has lead to the study of career aspirations of women. Career aspirations are influenced by factors such as gender, socioeconomic status, race, parents' occupation and education level, and parental expectations. This review of literature presents an overview of women's participation in the workforce and the progress of women's career development and career aspirations in the latter half of the 20th century.

Marxist Feminist Perspective of Corporate Gender Disclosures

“…These distinctions in social practices ultimately result in discrimination and inequality. Women face this discrimination and unequal treatment (Ramsay & Parker 1992;Hakim 1996;Cooper & Bosco 1999;Solovic 2001;Huffman & Cohen 2004;Domenico & Jones 2006;Giscombe 2007;Hussain 2008). The famous French feminist Simone de Beauvoir mentioned women as the 'second sex' (Elliott 2009).…”

“…In the male dominated corporate sector, women face unequal treatment and discrimination (Ramsay & Parker 1992;Hakim 1996;Cooper & Bosco 1999;Solovic 2001;Huffman & Cohen 2004;Domenico & Jones 2006;Giscombe 2007;Hussain 2008). This unequal treatment and discrimination can be treated as a violation of human rights.…”

“…Firstly, this capitalistic mode of production almost forced women to remain inside their homes (the private sphere) to take care of the families so that men can work (Vogel 1983;Donavan 2000). Secondly, when women came into the public sphere, the male dominated workplaces treated them with discrimination and inequality (Ramsay & Parker 1992;Hakim 1996;Cooper & Bosco 1999;Solovic 2001;Huffman & Cohen 2004;Domenico & Jones 2006;Giscombe 2007;Hussain 2008). Thus, women's human rights are violated.…”

Perbedaan Aspirasi Karier Siswa ditinjau dari Jenis Kelamin, Jurusan, dan Tingkat Pendidikan Orangtua serta Implikasinya terhadap Pelayanan Bimbingan dan Konseling

“…Hurlock (1978:25) mengemukakan faktor pribadi meliputi: faktor keinginan, minat pribadi, pengalaman masa lampau, pola kepribadian, nilai pribadi, jenis kelamin, status sosioekonomi, serta latar belakang ras, dan faktor lingkungan meliputi: faktor ambisi orangtua, tekanan teman sebaya, tradisi budaya, nilai sosial, media massa, penghargaan sosial, dan persaingan. Domenico & Jones (2006:3) juga mengemukakan faktor yang mempengaruhi aspirasi karier, antara lain: jenis kelamin, status sosial ekonomi, ras, pekerjaan, tingkat pendidikan orangtua, dan harapan orangtua. Namun menurut peneliti, faktor yang diduga dominan mempengaruhi aspirasi karier siswa adalah jenis kelamin, jurusan, tingkat pendidikan orangtua.…”

Unpacking Young People’s Narratives About Their Aspirations: A Bourdieusian Perspective

“…Since the 1970s, young women's career interests have broadened significantly. Recent studies suggest that females demonstrate a greater interest in a wider range of careers, and more gender-role flexibility in their career ambitions, than males (Domenico & Jones, 2006;Francis, 2002). However, Watson, Quatman, and Edler (2002) also discovered that young women tend to feel more conflicted than their male counterparts between career ambitions on the one hand, and the responsibilities associated with marriage and family on the other.…”