Career Development

Scarring effects of early unemployment among young workers with vocational credentials in Switzerland

“…In addition to monetary scarring effects, there also exists evidence suggesting a psychological impact of past unemployment on psychological distress and life satisfaction in later life (see Daly and Delaney 2013;Clark et al 2001;Young 2012;Lucas et al 2004). On the one hand, individual resources such as self-efficacy, self-esteem and a positive attitude towards life shape transition processes (see e.g., Rüfenacht and Neuenschwander 2013;Neuenschwander 2012;Neuenschwander and Kracke 2011;Gerber-Schenk et al 2010). On the other hand, the very same individual resources may also be adversely influenced by unemployment experiences, further manifesting themselves in worse occupational outcomes (Furnham 1985).…”

“…As a successful transition and career advancement are also influenced by family background (see e.g., Buchmann 2011; Neuenschwander and Kracke 2011) we include socio-economic status (Isei), familial possessions of poetry literature (coding is 1 = poetry at home vs. 0 = no poetry at home), a PISA index for social communication within the family (Soccom), family structure (coding is 0 = nuclear family, 1 = single parent and 2 = mixed/other) and the number of siblings (coding is 0 = no siblings, 1 = one sibling, 2 = two siblings and 3 = three or more siblings). Important individual resources that determine labour market integration of the young (see Rüfenacht and Neuenschwander 2013;Neuenschwander 2012;Neuenschwander and Kracke 2011;Gerber-Schenk et al 2010) are also taken into account by the inclusion of measures for self-efficacy, persistency and a positive attitude towards life (measured prior to labour market entry in order to avoid bias due to reversed causality). The dummy-variables are coded 1 if the individual resource is available vs. 0 if it is not.…”

Identity integration in Steven Spielberg’s Catch Me If You Can (2002)

“…Many elements influenced identity, including social background, family, friends, and school. The structural aspects of the social milieu have a significant impact on individual career development (Neuenschwander & Kracke, 2011). Adolescents build identity (Marcia, 2001), which means that when someone investigates something, they will learn something about commitments that they have never known before.…”