Caregiver depression after bereavement: Chronic stress isn't over when it's over.

Bodnar, Joy C.; Kiecolt‐Glaser, Janice K.

doi:10.1037/0882-7974.9.3.372

Cited by 153 publications

(135 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…The four studies from the same research group (Bodnar & Kiecolt-Glaser, 1994;Dura et al, 1990; clearly had larger RR's (ranging from 27.00-38.68) than the other two studies (2.80 and 2.94). The four studies from the same research group had very high upper limits of the 95% confidence intervals (up to 627.71), because none of the subjects in the comparison groups had a depressive disorder.…”

Section: Comparison Of Prevalence Of Depressive Disorders In Caregivementioning

confidence: 89%

“…Four studies were conducted by the same research group (Bodnar & Kiecolt-Glaser, 1994;Dura, Stukenberg & Kiecolt-Glaser, 1990;KiecoltGlazer, Dura, Speicher, Trask & Glaser, 1991), and these publications are all part of one large study. We contacted one of the researchers (Dr Kiecolt-Glaser) who was co-author of all the included papers, and asked whether there was overlap between the samples.…”

Section: Resulting Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The incidence of depressive disorders was measured in three studies (Ballard, Eastwood, Gahir & Wilcock, 1996;Bodnar & Kiecolt-Glaser, 1994;. In the first study (Ballard et al, 1996), 28 of the 58 respondents who had no depressive disorder at the first measurement did have a depressive disorder one year later (incidence rate is 0.48).…”

Section: Incidence Of Depressive Disordersmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Depressive disorders in caregivers of dementia patients: A systematic review

Cuijpers¹

2005

Aging & Mental Health

337

216

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Although depressive symptomatology has been well studied in caregivers of patients with dementia, depressive disorders have been examined much less. We conducted a systematic literature search in major bibliographical databases (Medline, Psychinfo, Dissertation Abstracts), and included studies examining caregivers of dementia patients that reported the prevalence of major depressive disorder, according to diagnostic criteria as assessed with a standardized psychiatric diagnostic interview. Ten studies with a total of 790 caregivers were identified (sample sizes: 22-147). In only one of the studies, a representative community sample was used. A total of 176 subjects (22.3%) had a depressive disorder (prevalence range from 0.15-0.32). In the three studies reporting differential prevalence rates for men and women somewhat smaller prevalence rates were found for men than for women. In six studies caregivers were compared to a (mostly matched) control group. The relative risks of having a depressive disorder in caregivers ranged from 2.80-38.68 (all RR's were significant). In the three prospective studies relatively high incidence rates were found (0.48). This study made it clear that prevalence and incidence of depressive disorders are increased in caregivers of dementia patients. More research is clearly needed in this population.

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Section: Comparison Of Prevalence Of Depressive Disorders In Caregivementioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Resulting Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Incidence Of Depressive Disordersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Depressive disorders in caregivers of dementia patients: A systematic review

Cuijpers¹

2005

Aging & Mental Health

337

216

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“…These studies report high rates of depressive syndromes extending well beyond the first several months of bereavement. Overall, compared to non-bereaved controls, elevated rates of depression may last as long as 6 months (Bruce et al 1990;Thompson et al 1991), 9 months (Norris & Murrell, 1990), 18 months (Brent et al 1994), 2 years (Harlow et al 1991 b;Stroebe & Stroebe, 1991 ;Hays et al 1994 a, b;Carnelley et al 1999;Turvey et al 1999), 30 months , or even as long as 3 or more years (Bodnar & Kiecolt-Glaser, 1994;Mendes De Leon et al 1994 ;Lichtenstein et al 1996;Wilcox et al 2003). Thus, depressive symptoms whose onset occurs within the post-bereavement window of time the DSM uses to exclude the diagnosis of MDE appears to be as chronic and/or recurrent as SMD.…”

Section: Predictive Validators Diagnostic Consistency Over Timementioning

confidence: 99%

Is bereavement-related depression different than non-bereavement-related depression?

2007

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“…The most severe stresses e.g. the termination of a close relationship/or divorce, of being over-looked for promotion [206,207], the failure of a business venture [208], the death of a loved-one [209], of loneliness [209]; have pathological correlates which influence our subsequent health and behaviour. By contrast our genetic profile establishes the general traits which characterise our personality and our subsequent behaviour.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Framework of a Mathematical Model of the Autonomic Nervous System and Physiological Systems: Using the Neuroregulation of Blood Glucose as an Example

Ewing¹

2015

J Comput Sci Syst Biol

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IntroductionOur sense perception enables us to eat the correct amounts of food and, under normal circumstances, we cease eating when we have eaten sufficient food, and we drink sufficient to sati sfy the body 's need for liquid. We breathe at the normal expected rate, our heart pumps at the expected rate and maintain the normal level of blood pressure, our body maintains the normal levels of acidity and temperature, we sleep for 7-8 hours per night, etc. This suggests that the body is being regulated by a biological control mechanism of enormous sophistication and complexity, which has an enormous processing capacity; however as we age, and particularly as we age beyond 50 years, the mechanism which maintains our function become increasingly less able to sustain the levels of oxygen, blood glucose, blood cell content and a myriad of other biological components which the brain requires to function [1]. The i nnate g enetic c apacity o f key o rgans d eclines a nd r esults in shortages of proteins, hormones, etc. This h as a k nock-on e ffect affecting one biological sequence after another.The cumulative effect of our lifetime of experiences, due to environmental and biological factors, influences the function and/ or stability of the autonomic nervous system and ultimately the function of our DNA and genes [2]. The level of genetic expression of the proteins (genotype) which we require to sustain our function declines and the rate at which these expressed proteins subsequently react (phenotype) also declines i.e. the ability of the body to cope with extreme events declines.There are two fundamentally significant biological issues at play: (i) the genetic ability to express proteins (ii) the body's physiological demand i.e. the phenotype or influence of the environment. In the case of diabetes, in particular type 2 diabetes, this is the regulation of Blood Glucose. The greater the level of hyperglycaemia the greater is the associated demand for insulin. The development of a medical condition occurs when the environmental demand exceeds the body's innate capacity [3] i.e. the prevailing supply and/or level of insulin is insufficient to metabolise the excess of blood glucose. By contrast, the lower the level of hypoglycaemia, which occurs in type 1 diabetes, the lower is the demand/need for insulin. If there is insufficient blood glucose the excess of highly reactive insulin will seek an alternative substrate and ultimately results in damage to the peripheral blood vessels e.g. in particular to the brain, eyes, legs and feet.The evidence suggests that this regulatory process is performed by the brain via the process of neuroregulation [4][5][6]. This is a best-fit process which takes into account the prevailing state of development or physiological damage to a part of the brain, degeneration or damage to an organ (or limb), and the prevailing inter-cellular environment i.e. the feedback of biochemical signals from the viscera. AbstractDespite the immense advances of medical research there remains a fundamental theo...

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Caregiver depression after bereavement: Chronic stress isn't over when it's over.

Cited by 153 publications

References 32 publications

Depressive disorders in caregivers of dementia patients: A systematic review

Depressive disorders in caregivers of dementia patients: A systematic review

Is bereavement-related depression different than non-bereavement-related depression?

The Framework of a Mathematical Model of the Autonomic Nervous System and Physiological Systems: Using the Neuroregulation of Blood Glucose as an Example

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