“…Task difficulty can be reduced in a number of ways, including keeping surveys short (Johnson et al, 1990), removing superfluous survey questions (Brosnan et al, 2018), using short sentences and simple language (Lenzner, 2014;Lenzner et al, 2011), and avoiding technical terms (Lenzner, 2012(Lenzner, , 2014. Even when these approaches are used, survey respondents face challenges relating to task difficulty and react by taking shortcuts, such as being less careful when responding, paying less attention (Paas et al, 2018;Ward et al, 2017), and not studying in sufficient detail the instructions provided, the questions asked, and the answer options offered (Brosnan et al, 2019). Such shortcuts inevitably reduce survey data quality (Barge & Gehlbach, 2012).…”