The Voice of Meiko Kaji in 1970s Japanese Exploitation Cinema by Ash Johann Curry-Machado Meiko Kaji was a singer and actress in the Japanese exploitation cinema of the 1970s, a feminine cinematic icon of vengeance who used her voice in interesting juxtaposition to violence. Her filmography exemplified the inherent beauty and dangers of Japanese grindhouse through performances that embodied the anarchic spirit of the time. Pairing her cinematic appearances with songs that vocalise themes of vengeance, they intertwine with her central feminine struggles through lyrics that paint the films' violence.Kaji was particularly prolific between 1970 and 1974. This was a period where Japanese cinema struggled to retain audiences that were becoming increasingly captivated by television, resulting in "the sluggish film industry" needing help in revitalising. [1] This "required films that would stand out", resulting in "the coming 70's heralding a newer, edgier take",[2] successfully ushering in "the era when turnover was at its highest".[3] During the 1950s, women were little better than "window dressing" for the "macho world" of samurai action films and yakuza crime dramas, as "aggressive physical behaviour by a woman was not tolerated in mainstream entertainment."[4] Conversely, Yuko Mihara Weisser argues that the 1970s provided "the most nurturing climate for the concept of action divas to grow," guiding an aesthetic of grace amidst the brutality.[5] Weisser highlights how far Japanese female characters had progressed in representation, "undeniably influenced by America's feminist movement" with "a bolder, naughtier approach to entertainment".[6] To Laura Treglia, exploitation cinema in the 1970s prided itself on featuring "powerful visions of women's rebellion and retributive fury". [7] Kaji was one of many female performers raised by studios to exploit their bodies in cheaply produced films that could be delivered to youthful Japanese audiences as quickly as possible (in 1970 alone, Kaji performed in twelve films). Rikke Schubart described her as "a hauntingly beautiful, enigmatic, and seductive actress", whose characters possess "a lonely existence immersed in darkness".[8] Playing fashionably dressed gang leaders, convicts, outlaws and assassins, Kaji all but replaced the male-dominated samurais that came before. She found immense popularity due to her combination of striking performance with beautiful singing in 'enka' style, which combines traditional Japanese musical techniques with electric