CARL: A LabVIEW 3 computer program for conducting exposure therapy for the treatment of dental injection fear

Coldwell, Susan E.; Getz, Tracy; Milgrom, Peter; Prall, Christopher W.; Spadafora, A; Ramsay, Douglas S.

doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(97)10038-9

Cited by 35 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…This is consistent with previous research using this online exposure program (Matthews et al, 2010(Matthews et al, , 2011(Matthews et al, , 2012, and other research examining habituation of selfreported anxiety (Coldwell et al, 1998;Nelissen et al, 1995;Vansteenwegen et al, 2007;Veltman et al, 2004) and disgust (Edwards & Salkovskis, 2006;Olatunji et al, 2009) during exposure to spider images. Habituation was also observed for physiological measures of arousal.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Treatments based on exposure to images and videos have been shown to produce activation and habituation of anxiety (as measured by self-report, behavioural and physiological measures) in studies of dental phobia, spider phobia, and fear of flying (Coldwell et al, 1998;Nelissen, Muris, & Merckelbach, 1995;Vansteenwegen et al, 2007;Veltman et al, 2004). A computer platform for the delivery of image-based exposure (Feardrop) has recently been developed for the treatment of spider fear (Matthews, Scanlan, & Kirkby, 2010;Matthews et al, 2012;Matthews, Wong, Scanlan, & Kirkby, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Symbolic online exposure for spider fear: Habituation of fear, disgust and physiological arousal and predictors of symptom improvement

Matthews

Naran

Kirkby

2015

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Symbolic online exposure for spider fear: Habituation of fear, disgust and physiological arousal and predictors of symptom improvement

Matthews

Naran

Kirkby

2015

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

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“…As an example, a computer-based systematic desensitization programme named CARL (Computer-Assisted Relaxation Learning) has been developed to help reduce fear of dental injections. 110,111 Individuals view a series of video segments in which a fearful patient is taught coping skills (including diaphragmatic breathing and progressive muscle relaxation, as described above) and then taken through the gradual steps of a dental injection. In a randomized clinical trial, individuals completing the CARL programme showed greater fear reduction than individuals receiving an informational pamphlet about dental injections, 112 and fearful patients have found CARL to be an acceptable way to reduce their dental injection fear.…”

Section: Systematic Desensitizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Management of fear and anxiety in the dental clinic: a review

2013

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People who are highly anxious about undergoing dental treatment comprise approximately one in seven of the population and require careful and considerate management by dental practitioners. This paper presents a review of a number of non-pharmacological (behavioural and cognitive) techniques that can be used in the dental clinic or surgery in order to assist anxious individuals obtain needed dental care. Practical advice for managing anxious patients is provided and the evidence base for the various approaches is examined and summarized. The importance of firstly identifying dental fear and then understanding its aetiology, nature and associated components is stressed. Anxiety management techniques range from good communication and establishing rapport to the use of systematic desensitization and hypnosis. Some techniques require specialist training but many others could usefully be adopted for all dental patients, regardless of their known level of dental anxiety. It is concluded that successfully managing dentally fearful individuals is achievable for clinicians but requires a greater level of understanding, good communication and a phased treatment approach. There is an acceptable evidence base for several non-pharmacological anxiety management practices to help augment dental practitioners providing care to anxious or fearful children and adults.

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“…Participants sat in the same area where they completed the screening and viewed screens and an introductory video explaining what to expect from the program and how to navigate through the program, including how to view scenes again as needed. The CARL program has been described in detail elsewhere (Coldwell et al, 1998), and Appendix C includes additional details about CARL procedures.…”

Section: Carl Interventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Through brief (2-to 4-minute) video segments, CARL introduces cognitive and physical coping strategies, then an exposure hierarchy wherein a model is shown successfully managing anxiety while presented with increasingly invasive aspects of a dental injection (Coldwell et al, 1998). CARL has been received positively by fearful dental patients (Boyle et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%