Carnation Creek watershed experiment—long‐term responses of coho salmon populations to historic forest practices

Tschaplinski, Peter; Pike, Robin

doi:10.1002/eco.1812

Cited by 28 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The creek contains several anadromous fish species, including chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta), coho, (O. kisutch), steelhead trout (O. mykiss), and sea-run cutthroat trout (O. clarkii) (Tschaplinski and Pike, 2017). Comprehensive details of Carnation Creek harvesting and the history of data collection can be found in Hartman and Scrivener (1990) and Tschaplinski and Pike (2017). Relief is close to 900 m, and steep hillslopes are found throughout the basin (Hartman and Scrivener, 1990;Tschaplinski and Pike, 2017).…”

Section: Site Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The catchment has been studied since 1970 to determine the effects of forest practices on physical and biological processes and salmon populations at the watershed and site level. The creek contains several anadromous fish species, including chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta), coho, (O. kisutch), steelhead trout (O. mykiss), and sea-run cutthroat trout (O. clarkii) (Tschaplinski and Pike, 2017). Carnation Creek is deglaciated, and a relatively thick layer of drift material ( 0.7 m) covers much of the catchment.…”

Section: Site Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Salmonid populations have been observed to vary over decadal timescales (e.g. Tschaplinski and Pike, 2017), but some species are thought to be in decline (Irvine and Fukuwaka, 2011), partly as a result of habitat loss in river systems (Gregory and Bisson, 1996;Tschaplinski and Pike, 2017). Managing watersheds for salmonids requires balancing competing demands for water and other resources in fish-bearing streams (Bradford and Heinonen, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Does variable channel morphology lead to dynamic salmon habitat?

Reid

Hassan

Bird³

et al. 2020

Earth Surf Processes Landf

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Stream channel morphology forms the template upon which hydraulic aspects of aquatic habitat are created, yet spatial and temporal variability in habitat imposed by changing morphology is not well understood. This paper presents a conceptual model linking sediment supply patterns to spatial and temporal variability in channel form and aquatic habitat. To evaluate this model, change over time in three habitat variables is quantified using a 2D hydrodynamic modeling approach. A 45‐year record of topographic data from Carnation Creek, a catchment in coastal British Columbia, is used for the flow modeling. Using the Nays2DH modeling platform, water depths and velocities are simulated in eight channel segments located at different positions relative to locations of historical colluvial input using seven flow levels ranging from 3% to 400% of mean annual discharge (0.02 to 3.31 m 3s −1). Results indicate that habitat availability changes through time as a result of sediment supply‐driven changes to channel morphology and wood loads, but patterns in habitat vary as a function of dominant channel segment morphology. Spatial and temporal variability in morphology also influences the relationship between habitat availability and river discharge, leading to non‐stationary habitat‐discharge rating curves. When habitat areas are predicted by applying these curves to daily flow series spanning annual dry seasons, over 50% of the variance in cumulative seasonal habitat area can be explained by year‐to‐year changes in channel morphology and wood loading, indicating that changing morphology is an important factor for driving temporal habitat variability. This variance is related to the morphological variability of a channel segment, which in turn is associated with the segment position relative to zones of colluvial input. Collectively, these results suggest that variability in habitat is impacted by channel morphology, and can be evaluated partly on the basis of a channel's sediment supply regime. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Section: Site Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Site Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Does variable channel morphology lead to dynamic salmon habitat?

Reid

Hassan

Bird³

et al. 2020

Earth Surf Processes Landf

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Further details of the basin's logging history and riparian disturbance can be found in Hartman and Scrivener (), Hartman et al. () and Tschaplinski and Pike ().…”

Section: Study Site Characteristics and Catchment Historymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Between 1975 and 1981, approximately 41% of the total catchment area was harvested. Further details of the basin's logging history and riparian disturbance can be found in Hartman and Scrivener (1990), Hartman et al (1996) and Tschaplinski and Pike (2017).…”

Section: Study Site Characteristics and Catchment Historymentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial and temporal patterns of sediment storage over 45 years in Carnation Creek, BC, a previously glaciated mountain catchment

Reid

Hassan

Bird³

et al. 2019

Earth Surf Processes Landf

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The movement of sediment through mountain river networks remains difficult to predict, as processes beyond streamflow and particle size are responsible for the entrainment and transport of bedload sediment. In deglaciated catchments, additional complexity arises from glacial impacts on landscape organization. Research to date indicates that the quantity of sediment stored in the channel is an important component of sediment transport in systems which alternate between supply and transport limited states, but limited long‐term field data exist which can capture storage‐transfer dynamics over a timescale encompassing episodic supply typical of mountain streams. We use a 45‐year dataset with annual and decadal‐scale data on sediment storage, channel morphology, and wood loading to investigate the spatial and temporal organization of storage in Carnation Creek, a previously glaciated 11 km2 catchment on Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Sediment is supplied episodically to the channel, including additions from debris flows in the early 1980s just upstream of the studied channel region. Analyzing the spatial and temporal organization of sediment storage along 3.0 km of channel mainstem reveals a characteristic storage wavelength similar to the annual bedload particle travel distance. Over time, two scales of variation in storage are observed: small‐scale fluctuation of 3–10 years corresponding to local erosional and depositional processes, and larger scale response over 25–35 years related to supply of sediment from hillslopes. Complex relationships between storage and sediment transfer (i.e., annual change in storage) are identified, with decadal‐scale hysteresis present in storage‐transfer relations in sites influenced by hillslope sediment and logjams. We propose a conceptual model linking landscape organization to temporal variability in storage and to storage–export cycles. Collectively, our results reaffirm the importance of storage to sediment transport and channel morphology, and highlight the complexity of storage–transport interactions. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Forestry impacts on stream flows and temperatures: A quantitative synthesis of paired catchment studies across the Pacific salmon range

Naman,

Pitman,

Cunningham

et al. 2024

Ecol Sol and Evidence

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Forestry is pervasive across temperate North America and may influence aquatic environmental conditions such as flows and temperatures, as well as important species such as Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.). While there have been many large‐scale forestry experiments using paired catchment designs, these studies have yet to be quantitatively synthesized. Thus, it remains unclear whether forestry impacts are consistent, context‐dependent or unpredictable. This study aims to quantitatively synthesize forestry impacts on streamflow and temperature, through a systematic review and synthesis of paired catchment studies across the range of Pacific salmon. Specifically, we investigated whether generalizable relationships exist between forestry intensity (percent watershed harvested) and impacts to streamflow and temperature. We also examined whether watershed features (climate, hydrology and lithology) and harvest method mediated forestry impacts. We extracted information from 35 unique paired‐catchments from California to Alaska. Forestry had strong impacts on peak and low flows and maximum summer water temperatures, but responses were quite variable. Across all catchments, forestry elevated peak flows ~20% (n = 31 catchments), reduced low flows ~25% (n = 13 catchments) and increased maximum summer temperatures ~15% (n = 35 catchments) on average. However, these impacts were variable and were not predictable based on forestry intensity, thus broader stressor–response relationships were not supported. Forestry impacts on peak flows and maximum summer temperatures varied spatially. Peak flow impacts increased with northward latitude and temperature impacts decreased with eastward longitude. However, the magnitude of impacts were unrelated to other watershed attributes, which included climate (precipitation and aridity), rain versus snow hydrology, elevation and bedrock lithology. Harvest method and riparian buffer presence also had no detected effects on forestry impacts across studies and statistical models explained a low proportion of variation overall. Collectively, our results indicate that forestry can have substantial impacts on key environmental conditions; however, the magnitude of impact was variable and could not be clearly linked to easily measured watershed characteristics. This implies that forestry impacts may not be broadly predictable. Probabilistic risk models based on distributions of potential impacts may therefore be more useful for watershed management in data‐poor situations.

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Carnation Creek watershed experiment—long‐term responses of coho salmon populations to historic forest practices

Cited by 28 publications

References 8 publications

Does variable channel morphology lead to dynamic salmon habitat?

Does variable channel morphology lead to dynamic salmon habitat?

Spatial and temporal patterns of sediment storage over 45 years in Carnation Creek, BC, a previously glaciated mountain catchment

Forestry impacts on stream flows and temperatures: A quantitative synthesis of paired catchment studies across the Pacific salmon range

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