Carob tree: a suitable species for the future

Eshghi, Saeid; Rostami, Ahmad Ali; Jamali, Babak

doi:10.17660/actahortic.2018.1190.11

Cited by 8 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…C. siliqua is considered a phylogenetically primitive species of tropical origin that has been cultivated in the Mediterranean area since historic times [ 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ], and is an economically important plant [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ]. Additionally, it has been used for afforestation in semi-arid regions [ 12 , 13 , 14 ]. In the eastern Mediterranean, C .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural and Physiological Traits of Compound Leaves of Ceratonia siliqua Trees Grown in Urban and Suburban Ambient Conditions

Papadopoulou

Stefi

Meletiou-Christou

et al. 2023

Plants

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Ceratonia siliqua L. (carob tree) is an endemic plant to the eastern Mediterranean region. In the present study, anatomical and physiological traits of successively grown compound leaves (i.e., the first, third, fifth and seventh leaves) of C. siliqua were investigated in an attempt to evaluate their growth under urban and suburban environmental conditions. Chlorophyll and phenolic content, as well as the specific leaf area of the compound leaves were determined. Structural traits of leaflets (i.e., thickness of palisade and spongy parenchyma, abaxial and adaxial epidermis, as well as abaxial and adaxial periclinal wall) were also investigated in expanding and fully expanded leaflets. Fully expanded leaflets from urban sites exhibited increased thickness of the lamina and the palisade parenchyma, while the thickness of the spongy parenchyma was thicker in suburban specimens. The palisade tissue was less extended than the spongy tissue in expanding leaflets, while the opposite held true for the expanded leaflets. Moreover, the thickness of the adaxial and the abaxial epidermises, as well as the adaxial and abaxial periclinal wall were higher in suburban leaflets. The chlorophyll content increased concomitantly with the specific leaf area (SLA) of both expanding and expanded leaflets, and strong positive correlations were detected, while the phenolic content declined with the increased SLA of expanding and expanded leaflets. It is noteworthy that the SLA of expanding leaflets in the suburban site was comparable to the SLA of expanded leaflets experiencing air pollution in urban sites; the size and the mass of leaf blades of C. siliqua possess adaptive features to air pollution. These results, linked to the functional structure of expanding and expanded successive foliar tissues, provide valuable assessment information coordinated with an adaptive process and yield of carob trees exposed to the considered ambient conditions, which have not hitherto been published.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural and Physiological Traits of Compound Leaves of Ceratonia siliqua Trees Grown in Urban and Suburban Ambient Conditions

Papadopoulou

Stefi

Meletiou-Christou

et al. 2023

Plants

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“…Carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.), a native Mediterranean fruit, is obtained from the evergreen carob tree. It is an edible bean/pod, also known as locust bean or carob pod, and it is composed of pulp (90%) and seed (10%) [1][2][3][4][5]. As a well-adapted xerophytic species, carob trees and pods are cultivated worldwide and produced mainly in Portugal (28.83%), Italy (23.11%), Morocco (16.11%) and Turkey (10.39%), with an average global production rate of 136,612.75 tonnes/year [6][7][8][9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Due to the differences found in the composition and functional properties, carob pulp and seeds are typically used separately to produce many products, such as flour, gum and syrup, which are widely used in the food (as thickener, stabilizer, cocoa mimetic and sweetener), pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries [1,2,25,27]. Carob flour (CF) production is mainly achieved after pulp separation, despite it having been demonstrated that the presence of the seeds improves the extraction efficiency of bioactive compounds such as polyphenols [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Particle Size Effect of Integral Carob Flour on Bioaccessibility of Bioactive Compounds during Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion

Vilas-Boas

Brassesco

Quintino

et al. 2022

Foods

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Carob fruit is native to the Mediterranean region and produced mainly in Portugal, Italy, Morocco and Turkey. The production of the carob fruit in Portugal is highly extensive and sustainable. Currently, carob flour (CF) production is mainly achieved after pulp separation, despite it having been demonstrated that the seeds improve the extraction efficiency of bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, promoting human health. This study aimed to produce an integral CF through an innovative process and assess its physicochemical and bioactive properties at different particle sizes throughout simulated gastrointestinal tract (GIT) digestion. The sugar content profile obtained throughout GIT digestion indicated that sucrose, the sugar present at the highest concentration in undigested CF, was digested and broken down into simple sugars, namely glucose and fructose. The total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity obtained for the ≤100 µm fraction were in accordance and gastric digestion promoted an increase in the TPC value compared to the undigested sample. The >100 µm fractions displayed a distinct profile from the ≤100 µm fraction. This study showed that the particle size affects the sugar, antioxidant and total phenolic content of CFs and also their gastrointestinal tract digestion. The ≤100 µm fraction demonstrated the most suitable profile as a functional food ingredient.

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“…Long-lived evergreen carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua L.) belongs to the Leguminosae family has been described as a plant with a large adaptability in the Mediterranean area (Batlle and Tous, 1997). Genotypes of carob tree show great tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses such as pests, diseases, drought, salinity, air pollution, high pH (calcareous soil), high summer temperatures (up to 50°C), and low soil fertility (Eshghia et al, 2018). Moreover, carob cultivation facilitates the establishment of other plant species, being particularly useful for the rehabilitation of difficult areas, where it can simultaneously play the role of pioneer and productive species due to its ability to preserve and enrich soil fertility (Essahibi et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…described by Omran et al (2018) make this species suitable as a beneficial biological tool to prevent erosion and desertification, as well as a reliable tool for the development of the marginal areas in the Mediterranean basin (Essahibi et al, 2016). Carob has been neglected with respect to cultural practices, research and development (Batlle and Tous, 1997) and apart from a few classic works references on this tree remain scarce (Eshghia et al, 2018). Carob trees may be male, female and hermaphrodite or play gummous inflorescences, showing high plasticity in inflorescences and flowering characteristics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Some Factors Affecting Selected Carob Strain (Ceratonia siliqua L.) Propagation by Grafting

Omran¹,

Hassan²

2019

Journal of Plant Production

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Carob tree: a suitable species for the future

Cited by 8 publications

References 6 publications

Structural and Physiological Traits of Compound Leaves of Ceratonia siliqua Trees Grown in Urban and Suburban Ambient Conditions

Structural and Physiological Traits of Compound Leaves of Ceratonia siliqua Trees Grown in Urban and Suburban Ambient Conditions

Particle Size Effect of Integral Carob Flour on Bioaccessibility of Bioactive Compounds during Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion

Effect of Some Factors Affecting Selected Carob Strain (Ceratonia siliqua L.) Propagation by Grafting

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