Carotenoid Cleavage Oxygenases from Microbes and Photosynthetic Organisms: Features and Functions

Ahrazem, Oussama; Gómez-Gómez, Lourdes; Rodrigo, María Jesús; Ávalos, Javier; Limón, M. Carmen

doi:10.3390/ijms17111781

Cited by 143 publications

(105 citation statements)

References 218 publications

(377 reference statements)

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“…There are two double bonds in the molecule and these bonds are conjugated (Figure 1). When 5-carbon containing isoprene molecules are polymerized, compounds called terpenes are formed [3]. This group includes biologically very important molecules.…”

Section: Terpenesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…γ-Carotene includes β-ionone ring at one end and the pseudo-ionone ring at the other end, and when the molecule is split, one molecule of vitamin A is synthesized [3].…”

Section: Hydrocarbon Carotenoidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The position of the double bond α is different in the β-ionone rings and pseudo rings. The pseudo-ionone ring includes two double bonds [3].…”

Section: Hydrocarbon Carotenoidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Biochemistry and Antioxidant Properties of Carotenoids

Merhan¹

2017

Carotenoids

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Carotenoids are one of the most widespread pigment groups distributed in nature, and more than 700 natural carotenoids have been described so far, and new carotenoids are introduced each year. Carotenoids are derived from 4 terpenes, including totally 40 carbon atoms. Carotenoids are naturally synthesized by cyanobacteria, algae, plants, some fungi, and some bacteria, but not made by mammals. Lately, the beneficial properties of α-carotene, β-carotene, γ-carotene, lycopene, phytoene, phytofluene, lutein, zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, astaxanthin, and fucoxanthin carotenoids in prevention of various diseases, such as tumor formation, cardiovascular, and vision, have been documented due to their roles as antioxidants, activation in certain gene expression associated with cell-to-cell communication, provitamin A activity, modulation of lipoxygenase activity, and immune response. In this chapter, in addition to biochemical properties of carotenoids, how the structure of these molecules influences the oxidative stress in health and reducing the risk of formation of various diseases will be described.

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Section: Terpenesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…γ-Carotene includes β-ionone ring at one end and the pseudo-ionone ring at the other end, and when the molecule is split, one molecule of vitamin A is synthesized [3].…”

Section: Hydrocarbon Carotenoidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Biochemistry and Antioxidant Properties of Carotenoids

Merhan¹

2017

Carotenoids

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“…The enzymatic degradation in plants is performed by two large enzyme families: the nine-cisepoxy-carotenoid dioxygenases (NCEDs), which are involved in abscisic acid production from carotenoids, and those carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases (CCDs) that yield hormones, pigments and short-chained apocarotenoids. 16 To date, five CCD groups have been identified (CCD1, CCD2, CCD4, CCD7, and CCD8). CCD1 is only found in the cytosol, 17 which probably limits its access to carotenoids in the chloroplasts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carotenoid biosynthesis of pak choi (Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis) sprouts grown under different light-emitting diodes during the diurnal course

Frede

Schreiner

Zrenner

et al. 2018

Photochem Photobiol Sci

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Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are considered the future of greenhouse lighting. This study investigates the carotenoid concentrations of pak choi sprouts after growth under blue, red and white LEDs at six different time points. Furthermore, the diurnal changes of RNA transcripts of key genes of the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway as well as of the carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 4 (CCD4) gene and of the transcription factor genes elongated hypocotyl 5 (HY5) and circadian clock associated 1 (CCA1) were investigated. The carotenoid concentrations were steady throughout the day, but showed a small maximum in the afternoon. An average total carotenoid concentration of 536 ± 29 ng mg −1 DM produced under white LEDs was measured, which is comparable to previously described field-grown levels. The carotenoid concentrations were slightly lower under blue or red LEDs. Moreover, the diurnal RNA transcript rhythms of most of the carotenoid biosynthesis genes showed an increase during the light period, which can be correlated to the carotenoid maxima in the afternoon. Blue LEDs caused the highest transcriptional induction of biosynthetic genes as well as of CCD4, thereby indicating an increased flux through the pathway. In addition, the highest levels of HY5 transcripts and CCA1 transcripts were determined under blue LEDs.

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“…Carotenoid degradation are caused by the action of carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases 4 (CCD4) in petals of some higher plants (Ahrazem et al 2016;Ohmiya 2009). In Brassica species, transposon mutagenesis of a BnaCCD4, one of the orthologue of CCD4, converts petal colour from white to yellow .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overexpression of carotenogenic genes in the Japanese morning glory Ipomoea (Pharbitis) nil

Watanabe

Oda-Yamamizo

Sage-Ono

et al. 2017

Plant Biotechnology

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Japanese morning glory, Ipomoea nil, has several coloured flowers except yellow, because it can accumulate only trace amounts of carotenoids in the petal. To make the petal yellow with carotenoids, we introduced five carotenogenic genes (geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase, phytoene synthase, lycopene β-cyclase and β-ring hydroxylase from Ipomoea obscura var. lutea and bacterial phytoene desaturase from Pantoea ananatis) to white-flowered I. nil cv. AK77 with a petal-specific promoter by Rhizobium (Agrobacterium)-mediated transformation method. We succeeded to produce transgenic plants overexpressing carotenogenic genes. In the petal of the transgenic plants, mRNA levels of the carotenogenic genes were 10 to 1,000 times higher than those of non-transgenic control. The petal colour did not change visually; however, carotenoid concentration in the petal was increased up to about ten-fold relative to non-transgenic control. Moreover, the components of carotenoids in the petal were diversified, in particular, several β-carotene derivatives, such as zeaxanthin and neoxanthin, were newly synthesized. This is the first report, to our knowledge, of changing the component and increasing the amount of carotenoid in petals that lack ability to biosynthesize carotenoids.

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Carotenoid Cleavage Oxygenases from Microbes and Photosynthetic Organisms: Features and Functions

Cited by 143 publications

References 218 publications

The Biochemistry and Antioxidant Properties of Carotenoids

The Biochemistry and Antioxidant Properties of Carotenoids

Carotenoid biosynthesis of pak choi (Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis) sprouts grown under different light-emitting diodes during the diurnal course

Overexpression of carotenogenic genes in the Japanese morning glory <i>Ipomoea</i> (<i>Pharbitis</i>) <i>nil</i>

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