Carotenoid Pigmentation Affects the Volatile Composition of Tomato and Watermelon Fruits, As Revealed by Comparative Genetic Analyses

Lewinsohn, Efraim; Sitrit, Yaron; Bar, Einat; Azulay, Yaniv; Meir, Ayala; Zamir, Dani; Tadmor, Yaakov

doi:10.1021/jf047927t

Cited by 195 publications

(142 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…These two compounds are breakdown products of lycopene and were earlier shown to be depleted in carotenoid biosynthetic mutants with reduced lycopene content (Lewinsohn et al, 2005a(Lewinsohn et al, , 2005b. These results were corroborated with a more traditional VIGS analysis carried out in wild-type MM, taking advantage of the visual phenotype provided by pds silencing.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 65%

A Visual Reporter System for Virus-Induced Gene Silencing in Tomato Fruit Based on Anthocyanin Accumulation

et al. 2009

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Innes Centre, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (E.B., C.M.)Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is a powerful tool for reverse genetics in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). However, the irregular distribution of the effects of VIGS hampers the identification and quantification of nonvisual phenotypes. To overcome this limitation, a visually traceable VIGS system was developed for fruit, comprising two elements: (1) a transgenic tomato line (Del/Ros1) expressing Antirrhinum majus Delila and Rosea1 transcription factors under the control of the fruitspecific E8 promoter, showing a purple-fruited, anthocyanin-rich phenotype; and (2) a modified tobacco rattle virus VIGS vector incorporating partial Rosea1 and Delila sequences, which was shown to restore the red-fruited phenotype upon agroinjection in Del/Ros1 plants. Dissection of silenced areas for subsequent chemometric analysis successfully identified the relevant metabolites underlying gene function for three tomato genes, phytoene desaturase, TomloxC, and SlODO1, used for proof of concept. The C-6 aldehydes derived from lipid 13-hydroperoxidation were found to be the volatile compounds most severely affected by TomloxC silencing, whereas geranial and 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one were identified as the volatiles most severely reduced by phytoene desaturase silencing in ripening fruit. In a third example, silencing of SlODO1, a tomato homolog of the ODORANT1 gene encoding a myb transcription factor, which regulates benzenoid metabolism in petunia (Petunia hybrida) flowers, resulted in a sharp accumulation of benzaldehyde in tomato fruit. Together, these results indicate that fruit VIGS, enhanced by anthocyanin monitoring, can be a powerful tool for reverse genetics in the study of the metabolic networks operating during fruit ripening.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 65%

A Visual Reporter System for Virus-Induced Gene Silencing in Tomato Fruit Based on Anthocyanin Accumulation

et al. 2009

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“…Understanding of pigment composition of fruits is of high commercial importance, and considerable advances have been made in defining and understanding the metabolic pathways underlying their regulation (Lewinsohn et al, 2005;Fernie et al, 2006).That said, as highlighted by a recent QTL and positional mapping study, not all the genes that are responsible for the accumulation of pigments in tomato have yet been identified (Liu et al, 2003). Moreover, there have been few studies to date that attempt to integrate changes in primary metabolism to those in pigment composition.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrated Analysis of Metabolite and Transcript Levels Reveals the Metabolic Shifts That Underlie Tomato Fruit Development and Highlight Regulatory Aspects of Metabolic Network Behavior

Carrari¹,

Baxter²,

Usadel³

et al. 2006

Plant Physiology

441

317

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Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is a well-studied model of fleshy fruit development and ripening. Tomato fruit development is well understood from a hormonal-regulatory perspective, and developmental changes in pigment and cell wall metabolism are also well characterized. However, more general aspects of metabolic change during fruit development have not been studied despite the importance of metabolism in the context of final composition of the ripe fruit. In this study, we quantified the abundance of a broad range of metabolites by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, analyzed a number of the principal metabolic fluxes, and in parallel analyzed transcriptomic changes during tomato fruit development. Metabolic profiling revealed pronounced shifts in the abundance of metabolites of both primary and secondary metabolism during development. The metabolite changes were reflected in the flux analysis that revealed a general decrease in metabolic activity during ripening. However, there were several distinct patterns of metabolite profile, and statistical analysis demonstrated that metabolites in the same (or closely related) pathways changed in abundance in a coordinated manner, indicating a tight regulation of metabolic activity. The metabolite data alone allowed investigations of likely routes through the metabolic network, and, as an example, we analyze the operational feasibility of different pathways of ascorbate synthesis. When combined with the transcriptomic data, several aspects of the regulation of metabolism during fruit ripening were revealed. First, it was apparent that transcript abundance was less strictly coordinated by functional group than metabolite abundance, suggesting that posttranslational mechanisms dominate metabolic regulation. Nevertheless, there were some correlations between specific transcripts and metabolites, and several novel associations were identified that could provide potential targets for manipulation of fruit compositional traits. Finally, there was a strong relationship between ripening-associated transcripts and specific metabolite groups, such as TCA-cycle organic acids and sugar phosphates, underlining the importance of the respective metabolic pathways during fruit development.

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“…This compound has been recovered from several types of vegetables including apple, tomato, and watermelon. According to the literature, it is considered an oxidative by-product or a product obtained from the degradation of lycopene, α-farnesene, citral, or conjugated trienols (WHITAKER;SAFTNER, 2000;WOLKEN;HAVE;WERF, 2000;LEWINSOHN et al, 2005). Hence, the detection of 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one ketone is not unexpected due to the high concentration of lycopene found in watermelon (data not shown).…”

Section: Physical Chemical and Biochemical Analysesmentioning

confidence: 96%

Volatile profile and physical, chemical, and biochemical changes in fresh cut watermelon during storage

et al. 2012

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Existing data about the aroma of fresh-cut watermelon and the metabolic changes that occur with minimal processing are scarce. Given the close relationship that exists between aroma, texture, and quality characteristics, it is necessary to investigate the changes in the volatile profile and texture of watermelon, a fruit extensively sold in supermarket chains throughout Brazil. The objective of this work was to analyze the volatile profile using solid phase microextraction (SPME) as well as texture changes in fresh-cut watermelon stored at 5 °C for ten days. Chromatography associated with sensory analysis (sniffing) led us to conclude that 9-carbon (C9) alcohols and aldehydes are the major responsible for the flavor and aroma of minimally processed watermelon stored at 5 ± 1 °C/90 ± 5% RH for ten days, and also that the aroma diminishes in intensity with storage, but it does not affect the final quality of the product. It was noted that the amount of drained liquid, soluble pectin, and weight loss increased during storage concurrently with a reduction in firmness and a structural breakdown of the cells. Pectin methyl esterase activity remained constant and polygalacturonase activity was not detected.

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Carotenoid Pigmentation Affects the Volatile Composition of Tomato and Watermelon Fruits, As Revealed by Comparative Genetic Analyses

Cited by 195 publications

References 53 publications

A Visual Reporter System for Virus-Induced Gene Silencing in Tomato Fruit Based on Anthocyanin Accumulation

A Visual Reporter System for Virus-Induced Gene Silencing in Tomato Fruit Based on Anthocyanin Accumulation

Integrated Analysis of Metabolite and Transcript Levels Reveals the Metabolic Shifts That Underlie Tomato Fruit Development and Highlight Regulatory Aspects of Metabolic Network Behavior

Volatile profile and physical, chemical, and biochemical changes in fresh cut watermelon during storage

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