Carotenoid synthesis: Retrospect and recent progress

Ito, Masayoshi; Yamano, Yumiko; Tode, Chisato; Wada, Akimori

doi:10.1016/j.abb.2008.11.021

Cited by 20 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…About 100 kinds of natural carotenoids were reported from 2004 to 2018 [2]. Synthetic studies of carotenoids revealed the stereochemistry of several complex structures of natural carotenoids such as peridinin, fucoxanthin, crassostreaxanthin B, and cucurbitaxanthin A [4].…”

Section: History Of Carotenoid Research In Natural Product Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Carotenoids as natural functional pigments

2019

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Carotenoids are tetraterpene pigments that are distributed in photosynthetic bacteria, some species of archaea and fungi, algae, plants, and animals. About 850 naturally occurring carotenoids had been reported up until 2018. Photosynthetic bacteria, fungi, algae, and plants can synthesize carotenoids de novo. Carotenoids are essential pigments in photosynthetic organs along with chlorophylls. Carotenoids also act as photo-protectors, antioxidants, color attractants, and precursors of plant hormones in non-photosynthetic organs of plants. Animals cannot synthesize carotenoids de novo, and so those found in animals are either directly accumulated from food or partly modified through metabolic reactions. So, animal carotenoids show structural diversity. Carotenoids in animals play important roles such precursors of vitamin A, photo-protectors, antioxidants, enhancers of immunity, and contributors to reproduction. In the present review, I describe the structural diversity, function, biosyntheses, and metabolism of natural carotenoids.

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Section: History Of Carotenoid Research In Natural Product Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Carotenoids as natural functional pigments

2019

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“…They not only affect the external appearance and internal quality of fruits (Tao and Zhang 2003) but also have numerous and varied beneficial bioactivities on human health and disease such as singlet oxygen quenching, free radicals scavenging (Miki 1991), vitamin A precursor (Matsuno 1991), immunoregulatory (Hughes 2001;Nagao 2009), anti-cancer (Rock 1997;Ito et al 2009), anti-aging D. Zhao : C. Zhou : J. Tao (*) effects , and so on.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carotenoid Accumulation and Carotenogenic Genes Expression During Two Types of Persimmon Fruit (Diospyros kaki L.) Development

2010

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Persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.), belonging to the Ebenaceae family, has been used not only as a fresh fruit, but also for many medicinal uses. Carotenoids are the main pigment in persimmon fruit, which contribute significantly to fruit color and nutritional quality due to their composition and content. In this study, fruit quality indices, carotenoid contents and expression of carotenogenic genes were analyzed in two types of persimmon fruit. The results demonstrated that there was a positive correlation between fruit color and the contents of main composition and total carotenoids. Carotenoid accumulation in persimmon fruit resulted from the interaction of carotenogenic genes, but the molecular mechanisms responsible for accumulation of carotenoids in two types of persimmon fruit had a few differences. As a complete unit, the relatively low expression level of phytoene synthase gene (DkPSY) in "Niuxinshi" resulted in low carotenoid contents or even under the detection limit at the early fruit developmental stages; but low carotenoid contents in "Nishimurawase" were due to the relatively low expression level of carotenogenic genes other than DkPSY. At the late fruit developmental stages, increased expression levels of DkPSY, phytoene desaturase gene and beta-carotene hydroxylase gene (DkBCH) induced elevated carotenoid contents; because all carotenogenic genes strongly expressed in "Nishimurawase", a large amount of carotenoids were accumulated. In addition, β-cryptoxanthin was the main composition whose content increased with the fruit maturity changes, which was mainly because of DkBCH which might lead more conversion of β-carotene to β-cryptoxanthin.

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“…An example is the peridinin, is one of the most complex carotenoids, a C37-norcarotenoid possessing (Z)-γ-ylidenebutenolide and allene functions. In addition, it has five chiral centers, including an epoxide ring [19].…”

Section: Structure Biosynthesis Synthesis and Applicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Introductory Chapter: Carotenoids - A Brief Overview on Its Structure, Biosynthesis, Synthesis, and Applications

Fernandes¹,

Nascimento²,

Jacob‐Lopes³

et al. 2018

Progress in Carotenoid Research

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Currently, 1178 natural carotenoids have been properly characterized and reported in the literature, which present a huge structural diversity and physicochemical properties. This number comprises a wide distribution of these biomolecules in approximately 700 source organisms including plants, bacteria, fungi, and algae. Besides having a wide applicability as natural dyes, some carotenoids such as β-carotene already have another well-established application such as provitamin A activity. However, due to the structural diversity of these molecules, there are still numerous biochemical and physiological functions to be associated with this class of compounds. Accordingly, these characteristics enable a wide applicability, what drives the global carotenoid market. Thus, with the primary objective of addressing aspects regarding to basic science and applied carotenoid technology, a comprehensive description of the biology, biochemistry, and chemistry of these compounds will be described in this chapter.

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Carotenoid synthesis: Retrospect and recent progress

Cited by 20 publications

References 33 publications

Carotenoids as natural functional pigments

Carotenoids as natural functional pigments

Carotenoid Accumulation and Carotenogenic Genes Expression During Two Types of Persimmon Fruit (Diospyros kaki L.) Development

Introductory Chapter: Carotenoids - A Brief Overview on Its Structure, Biosynthesis, Synthesis, and Applications

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