Carotenoids, Fatty Acid Composition and Heat Stability of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide-Extracted-Oleoresins

Abstract

The risk of chronic diseases has been shown to be inversely related to tomato intake and the lycopene levels in serum and tissue. Cis-isomers represent approximately 50%–80% of serum lycopene, while dietary lycopene maintains the isomeric ratio present in the plant sources with about 95% of all-trans-lycopene. Supercritical CO2 extraction (S-CO2) has been extensively developed to extract lycopene from tomato and tomato processing wastes, for food or pharmaceutical industries, also by using additional plant sources as co-matrices. We compared two S-CO2-extracted oleoresins (from tomato and tomato/hazelnut matrices), which showed an oil-solid bi-phasic appearance, a higher cis-lycopene content, and enhanced antioxidant ability compared with the traditional solvent extracts. Heat-treating, in the range of 60–100 °C, led to changes in the lycopene isomeric composition and to enhanced antioxidant activity in both types of oleoresins. The greater stability has been related to peculiar lycopene isomer composition and to the lipid environment. The results indicate these oleoresins are a good source of potentially healthful lycopene.

Biorefinery cascade processing for creating added value on tomato industrial by-products from Tunisia

“…Recently, supercritical CO 2 (SC-CO 2 ) has been favored for the extraction of lycopene. Indeed, this green and safe technology is suitable for the recovery of lipophilic substances, e.g., carotenoids, and lipids from numerous plant matrices [18]. Yet, regarding literature, few papers have recently suggested other valorization pathways of tomato by-products such as biofuel production or as a source of oil, polysaccharides, and protein.…”

Stability assessment of lycopene microemulsion prepared using tomato industrial waste against various processing conditions

“…Previous studies have already shown that high temperatures (60–100 °C) could potentially enhance lycopene antioxidant activity, as well as the conversion of trans ‐ to mono‐ or poly‐ cis forms. Therefore, the reduced lycopene content of microemulsion after heat processes could possibly be attributed to the enhanced antioxidant activity and cis ‐isomer formation, with both of them being responsible for lycopene instability . Moreover, it has been claimed that heat treatment can reduce all‐ trans and 13‐ cis lycopene, whereas it promotes 9‐ cis isomer formation .…”

“…Therefore, the reduced lycopene content of microemulsion after heat processes could possibly be attributed to the enhanced antioxidant activity and cis-isomer formation, with both of them being responsible for lycopene instability. 16,43 Moreover, it has been claimed that heat treatment can reduce all-trans and 13-cis lycopene, whereas it promotes 9-cis isomer formation. 44 By contrast, the reduction of total lycopene content during the spray drying process (under high temperatures) is mostly attributed to its degradation rather than the progressive isomerization of all-trans-lycopene to the less stable cis-isomers.…”

New Developments in Lycopene Analysis by Spectroscopic and Chromatographic Techniques, Accompanied With Mathematical Modelling

“…SFE is compatible with supercritical fluid chromatography since both techniques can share the same mobile phase and devices, favoring the development of extraction and separation methodologies. This technique has been applied to successfully separate lycopene from other carotenoids in tomato fruits [43,[195][196][197][198][199].…”