Carriage of Haemophilus influenzae is associated with pneumococcal vaccination in Italian children

Co-carriage of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis among three different age categories of children in Hungary

“…The PCV13 vaccination rates based on the parents' answers were 83.4% in the nurseries, 81.7% in the DCCs and 44.8% among school children. It is known, however, from the national surveillance reports, that these figures must [44,46]. For example, only NTHi strains were detected in Italy among children <6 years old [46].…”

“…It is known, however, from the national surveillance reports, that these figures must [44,46]. For example, only NTHi strains were detected in Italy among children <6 years old [46]. In addition, H. influenzae infections shifted to older age groups and towards NTHi, due to worldwide vaccination [10,47].…”

Why we need a vaccine for non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae

“…Some studies reported a significant rise in NTHi carriage associated with pneumococcal vaccination, but other investigations did not observe such rise. 24,25,26,27 Contrasting results may be related to several factors including differences in time intervals between the introduction of pneumococcal vaccination and performing the study in different settings, the size of the samples comprising unvaccinated children at the time of the study, and so on. 24,25,26,27 Best agreement is observed with respect to the impact of pneumococcal vaccination on NTHi as a pathogen causing otitis media: the presence of NTHi has been found significantly increased in middle ear fluid of children during episodes of acute otitis media after PCV-7 implementation.…”

“…24,25,26,27 Contrasting results may be related to several factors including differences in time intervals between the introduction of pneumococcal vaccination and performing the study in different settings, the size of the samples comprising unvaccinated children at the time of the study, and so on. 24,25,26,27 Best agreement is observed with respect to the impact of pneumococcal vaccination on NTHi as a pathogen causing otitis media: the presence of NTHi has been found significantly increased in middle ear fluid of children during episodes of acute otitis media after PCV-7 implementation. 28,29 Certainly, the impact of the new conjugate vaccines on the dynamic of colonization by pathogens sharing the same ecological niche is a moving complex picture that has yet to be clearly defined, but as far NTHi seems to take advantage.…”

Pneumococcal vaccine impacts on the population genomics of non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae

“…There is evidence to suggest that the epidemiology of NTHi carriage and associated disease has been altered as a consequence of the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs). This includes an increased NTHi incidence in children with AOM 8-10 as well as increased nasopharyngeal carriage in children who have received PCV 11,12 although it is important to note this is not a ubiquitous phenomenon 13 . In the UK two PCVs have been introduced in the routine childhood immunisation schedule, PCV7 (Prevenar 7™ introduced in 2006) and PCV13 (Prevenar 13™ introduced in 2010), that provide protection against particularly invasive capsular serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae.…”