Carry-over of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in dairy cows fed smoke contaminated maize silage or sugar beet pulp

Hoogenboom, L.A.P.; Klop, A.; Herbes, Rik; Eijkeren, J.C.H. van; Zeilmaker, Marco J.; Vuuren, A.M. van; Traag, W.A.

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.07.040

Cited by 35 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Mean levels of PCDD /Fs (lower bound) in milk and eggs after feeding cows (n = 3) for 33 days and laying hens (n = 5) for 56 days with contaminated feed followed by a similar period on clean feed (modified from Hoogenboom et al., , ). Cows obtained maize silage contaminated by a fire (0.79 ng WHO 2005 ‐ TEQ /kg; 17 kg feed/day), laying hens feed contaminated with a standard mixture (0.40 ng WHO 1998 ‐ TEQ /kg, 0.11 kg feed/day)…”

Section: Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A large number of studies have examined the transfer of PCDD/Fs and, to a lesser extent, DL‐PCBs to milk. Only few studies were controlled trials with contaminated feed materials, or included both an exposure and an elimination phase, where in the latter period the cows were put on non‐contaminated feed (Huwe and Smith, ; Hoogenboom et al., ). Some older studies focussed on TCDD only, fed via 2,4,5‐T (Jensen and Hummel, ) or a purified standard (Jones et al., , ), or on a selected number of congeners, e.g.…”

Section: Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Risk for animal and human health related to the presence of dioxins and dioxin‐like PCBs in feed and food

Knutsen¹,

Alexander²,

Barregård³

et al. 2018

EFS2

143

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The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific opinion on the risks for animal and human health related to the presence of dioxins (PCDD/Fs) and DL‐PCBs in feed and food. The data from experimental animal and epidemiological studies were reviewed and it was decided to base the human risk assessment on effects observed in humans and to use animal data as supportive evidence. The critical effect was on semen quality, following pre‐ and postnatal exposure. The critical study showed a NOAEL of 7.0 pg WHO2005‐TEQ/g fat in blood sampled at age 9 years based on PCDD/F‐TEQs. No association was observed when including DL‐PCB‐TEQs. Using toxicokinetic modelling and taking into account the exposure from breastfeeding and a twofold higher intake during childhood, it was estimated that daily exposure in adolescents and adults should be below 0.25 pg TEQ/kg bw/day. The CONTAM Panel established a TWI of 2 pg TEQ/kg bw/week. With occurrence and consumption data from European countries, the mean and P95 intake of total TEQ by Adolescents, Adults, Elderly and Very Elderly varied between, respectively, 2.1 to 10.5, and 5.3 to 30.4 pg TEQ/kg bw/week, implying a considerable exceedance of the TWI. Toddlers and Other Children showed a higher exposure than older age groups, but this was accounted for when deriving the TWI. Exposure to PCDD/F‐TEQ only was on average 2.4‐ and 2.7‐fold lower for mean and P95 exposure than for total TEQ. PCDD/Fs and DL‐PCBs are transferred to milk and eggs, and accumulate in fatty tissues and liver. Transfer rates and bioconcentration factors were identified for various species. The CONTAM Panel was not able to identify reference values in most farm and companion animals with the exception of NOAELs for mink, chicken and some fish species. The estimated exposure from feed for these species does not imply a risk.

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Section: Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk for animal and human health related to the presence of dioxins and dioxin‐like PCBs in feed and food

Knutsen¹,

Alexander²,

Barregård³

et al. 2018

EFS2

143

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Generally, concentrations in the ambient air fluctuate with environmental temperature. The results indicated that the PCDD/F concentrations were higher in the cold season than in the warm season (Chen et al, 2017;Zhu et al, 2017a, b However, the PCDD/F content in the aquatic animals in the fishponds and coastal areas did not exhibit the similar trends in ambient air, which may have been due to the fact that the PCDD/F content in animals is not only affected by the atmospheric deposition from air, but also by feed (Isosaari et al, 2002;Hoogenboom et al, 2010Hoogenboom et al, , 2015.…”

Section: Pcdd/f Content In Aquatic Animalsmentioning

confidence: 54%

Atmospheric Deposition Impact of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxin and Dibenzofuran on an Aquatic System in Central Taiwan

Tang

Chang

Zhu

et al. 2018

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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“…It is possible to determine congener-specific rates for the transfer (carry-over rates) from soil/feed to livestock products (meat, eggs, milk). For congeners critical to EU maximum limits (i.e., the TEQ-relevant congeners with major contribution from PCB-126 and non-dioxin-like PCB-138, -153, and -180), comparable carry-over rates have already been determined [ 46 , 47 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reviewing the relevance of dioxin and PCB sources for food from animal origin and the need for their inventory, control and management

et al. 2018

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BackgroundIn the past, cases of PCDD/F and PCB contamination exceeding limits in food from animal origin (eggs, meat or milk) were mainly caused by industrially produced feed. But in the last decade, exceedances of EU limit values were discovered more frequently for PCDD/Fs or dioxin-like(dl)-PCBs from free range chicken, sheep, and beef, often in the absence of any known contamination source.ResultsThe German Environment Agency initiated a project to elucidate the entry of PCBs and PCDD/Fs in food related to environmental contamination. This paper summarizes the most important findings. Food products from farm animals sensitive to dioxin/PCB exposure—suckling calves and laying hens housed outdoor—can exceed EU maximum levels at soil concentrations that have previously been considered as safe. Maximum permitted levels can already be exceeded in beef/veal when soil is contaminated around 5 ng PCB-TEQ/kg dry matter (dm). For eggs/broiler, this can occur at a concentration of PCDD/Fs in soil below 5 ng PCDD/F–PCB-TEQ/kg dm. Egg consumers—especially young children—can easily exceed health-based guidance values (TDI). The soil–chicken egg exposure pathway is probably the most sensitive route for human exposure to both dl-PCBs and PCDD/Fs from soil and needs to be considered for soil guidelines. The study also found that calves from suckler cow herds are most prone to the impacts of dl-PCB contamination due to the excretion/accumulation via milk. PCB (and PCDD/F) intake for free-range cattle stems from feed and soil. Daily dl-PCB intake for suckler cow herds must in average be less than 2 ng PCB-TEQ/day. This translates to a maximum concentration in grass of 0.2 ng PCB-TEQ/kg dm which is less than 1/6 of the current EU maximum permitted level. This review compiles sources for PCDD/Fs and PCBs relevant to environmental contamination in respect to food safety. It also includes considerations on assessment of emerging POPs.ConclusionsThe major sources of PCDD/F and dl-PCB contamination of food of animal origin in Germany are (1) soils contaminated from past PCB and PCDD/F releases; (2) PCBs emitted from buildings and constructions; (3) PCBs present at farms. Impacted areas need to be assessed with respect to potential contamination of food-producing animals. Livestock management techniques can reduce exposure to PCDD/Fs and PCBs. Further research and regulatory action are needed to overcome gaps. Control and reduction measures are recommended for emission sources and new listed and emerging POPs to ensure food safety.

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Carry-over of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in dairy cows fed smoke contaminated maize silage or sugar beet pulp

Cited by 35 publications

References 25 publications

Risk for animal and human health related to the presence of dioxins and dioxin‐like PCBs in feed and food

Risk for animal and human health related to the presence of dioxins and dioxin‐like PCBs in feed and food

Atmospheric Deposition Impact of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxin and Dibenzofuran on an Aquatic System in Central Taiwan

Reviewing the relevance of dioxin and PCB sources for food from animal origin and the need for their inventory, control and management

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