Carthamus

Sehgal, Deepmala; Raina, S. N.

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-14871-2_4

“…The Arabic usfur is thought to have been the root for the English name via a number of other terms -affore, asfiore, asfrole, astifore, asfiori, zaffrole or zaffrone, saffiore to, finally, safflower -while in the People's Republic of China (hereafter 'China') it is known as hung-hua or "red flower" (Chavan, 1961, and sources cited therein) and under many other names around the world as summarised by Smith (1996). The taxonomy of Carthamus has changed substantially as data for this group has been obtained and interpreted (McPherson et al, 2004;Sehgal and Raina, 2011). There have been as few as four species in the genus (with related species in a separate genus) to as many as 25 species and subspecies divided into up to five sections.…”

Section: Classification and Nomenclaturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Leaf blight, caused by the fungus A. carthami, is a major disease for safflower grown in India and Australia, having the potential to cause significant seed yield losses in the range of 10-50% (Irwin, 1976;Jackson, Irwin and Berthelsen 1982;Sehgal and Raina, 2011;Taware, Gholve and Dey, 2014). The disease is identifiable from the small brown to dark spots with concentric rings that form on the lower leaves of the safflower plants.…”

Section: Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biology of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius)

2022

Harmonisation of Regulatory Oversight in Biotechnology

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From their first commercialisation in the mid-1990s, genetically engineered crops (also known as "transgenic" or "genetically modified" plants) have been approved for commercial release in an increasing number of countries, for planting, entering in the composition of foods and feeds, or use in industrial processing. The majority of these productions are for soybean, maize, cotton and rapeseed (canola) bearing pest resistance and herbicide tolerance traits, aiming to improve yields and reduce the costs of production. Other transgenic crops that are increasingly grown to date comprise lucerne (alfalfa), sugar beet, sugarcane, papaya, safflower, potato, eggplant, as well as pumpkin, apple and pineapple in smaller areas. Other traits are increasingly introduced in engineered plants, adapting them to biotic or abiotic stress, such as resistance to drought or tolerance to salt in the growing environment, or changing a characteristic, e.g. modified oil content, reduced lignin content, non-browning or nutritional quality (biofortification). Thus, transgenic crops, where adopted and available on the market, enlarge possibilities for farmers, industry and consumers. They can play a part in addressing global concerns such as the rising need for food and feed in the growing population context or the necessary adaptation of agriculture for better resilience to climate change.Modern biotechnologies are applied to plants (crops, flowers and trees) but also animals and micro-organisms. The safety of the resulting genetically engineered organisms, when released in the environment for their use in agriculture, forestry, fishery, the food and feed industry, biofuel production or other applications, represents a challenging issue. A scientifically sound approach to their risk assessment should inform biosafety regulators and support national decisions regarding their possible market release. Genetically engineered products are rigorously assessed by their developers during their elaboration and by governments when ready for commercial use, to ensure high safety standards for the environment, human food and animal feed. Such assessments are considered essential for healthy and sustainable agriculture, industry and trade.In 2019, according to the annual report of the International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications, the five main producers of genetically engineered crops were the United States, Brazil, Argentina, Canada and India (listed by decreasing area) covering a combined 170 million hectares representing more than 90% of the global transgenic crop area. Among the 29 countries having grown genetically engineered crops in that year, 9 of them were OECD countries, listed by decreasing area as follows: the

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“…Leaf blight, caused by the fungus A. carthami, is a major disease for safflower grown in India and Australia, having the potential to cause significant seed yield losses in the range of 10-50% (Irwin, 1976;Jackson, Irwin and Berthelsen 1982;Sehgal and Raina, 2011;Taware, Gholve and Dey, 2014). The disease is identifiable from the small brown to dark spots with concentric rings that form on the lower leaves of the safflower plants.…”

Section: Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Executive summary

2022

Harmonisation of Regulatory Oversight in Biotechnology

0

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From their first commercialisation in the mid-1990s, genetically engineered crops (also known as "transgenic" or "genetically modified" plants) have been approved for commercial release in an increasing number of countries, for planting, entering in the composition of foods and feeds, or use in industrial processing. The majority of these productions are for soybean, maize, cotton and rapeseed (canola) bearing pest resistance and herbicide tolerance traits, aiming to improve yields and reduce the costs of production. Other transgenic crops that are increasingly grown to date comprise lucerne (alfalfa), sugar beet, sugarcane, papaya, safflower, potato, eggplant, as well as pumpkin, apple and pineapple in smaller areas. Other traits are increasingly introduced in engineered plants, adapting them to biotic or abiotic stress, such as resistance to drought or tolerance to salt in the growing environment, or changing a characteristic, e.g. modified oil content, reduced lignin content, non-browning or nutritional quality (biofortification). Thus, transgenic crops, where adopted and available on the market, enlarge possibilities for farmers, industry and consumers. They can play a part in addressing global concerns such as the rising need for food and feed in the growing population context or the necessary adaptation of agriculture for better resilience to climate change.Modern biotechnologies are applied to plants (crops, flowers and trees) but also animals and micro-organisms. The safety of the resulting genetically engineered organisms, when released in the environment for their use in agriculture, forestry, fishery, the food and feed industry, biofuel production or other applications, represents a challenging issue. A scientifically sound approach to their risk assessment should inform biosafety regulators and support national decisions regarding their possible market release. Genetically engineered products are rigorously assessed by their developers during their elaboration and by governments when ready for commercial use, to ensure high safety standards for the environment, human food and animal feed. Such assessments are considered essential for healthy and sustainable agriculture, industry and trade.In 2019, according to the annual report of the International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications, the five main producers of genetically engineered crops were the United States, Brazil, Argentina, Canada and India (listed by decreasing area) covering a combined 170 million hectares representing more than 90% of the global transgenic crop area. Among the 29 countries having grown genetically engineered crops in that year, 9 of them were OECD countries, listed by decreasing area as follows: the

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“…Safflower oil offers potential in the biofuel industry as well as foundation for pharmaceutical manufacture in GM safflower seed [85,[89][90][91]. Current Australian varieties contain up to 42% oil whereas in United States have developed cultivars with oil content levels ranging from 45 to 55% [92]. In India, the most prevalent breeding approach for safflower cultivar production is choice from indigenous varieties, and multiple germplasm lines with required qualities have been created.…”

Section: Crop Improvement Of Safflowermentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Engineering for Oil Modification

Chellamuthu¹,

Eswaran²,

Subramanian³

2022

Genetically Modified Plants and Beyond

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Genetic manipulation is a strong tool for modifying crops to produce a considerably wider range of valuable products which gratifies human health benefits and industrial needs. Oilseed crops can be modified both for improving the existing lipid products and engineering novel lipid products. Global demand for vegetable oils is rising as a result of rising per capita consumption of oil in our dietary habits and its use in biofuels. There are numerous potential markets for renewable, carbon-neutral, ‘eco-friendly’ oil-based compounds produced by crops as substitutes for non-renewable petroleum products. Existing oil crops, on the other hand, have limited fatty acid compositions, making them unsuitable for use as industrial feedstocks. As a result, increasing oil output is necessary to fulfill rising demand. Increasing the oil content of oilseed crops is one way to increase oil yield without expanding the area under cultivation. Besides, the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical values of oilseed crops are being improved by genetic engineering techniques. This chapter addresses the current state of the art gene manipulation strategies followed in oilseed crops for oil modification to fulfill the growing human needs.

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Carthamus

Cited by 6 publications

References 142 publications

Biology of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius)

Biology of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius)

Executive summary

Genetic Engineering for Oil Modification

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