Cartilage biomechanics: From the basic facts to the challenges of tissue engineering

Petitjean, Noémie; Cañadas, Patrick; Royer, Pascale; Noël, Danièle; Floc’h, Simon Le

doi:10.1002/jbm.a.37478

Cited by 30 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 200 publications

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“…Mechanical forces, such as compression and shear stress, are critical for guiding chondrogenic differentiation and functional tissue development [ 7 , 9 ]. Understanding mechanical qualities such as elasticity and poroelasticity is critical for customizing tissue engineering strategies [ 4 ].…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Critical Challenges and Frontiers in Cartilage Tissue Engineering

Jeyaraman,

Nallakumarasamy

et al. 2024

Cureus

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Cartilage tissue engineering has witnessed considerable advancements since its establishment in 1977, evolving from rudimentary surgical interventions to more nuanced biotechnological approaches. The field has navigated various challenges encompassing cellular considerations, scaffold material selection, environmental factors, and ethical and regulatory constraints. Innovations in cell source diversification, including chondrocytes, mesenchymal stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells, have been instrumental but not without their limitations, such as restricted cell proliferation and ethical dilemmas. Scaffold materials offer a unique dichotomy between natural substrates, which provide biocompatibility, and synthetic matrices, which grant mechanical integrity. However, translational hurdles in clinical applicability persist. Environmental factors, such as growth factors and thermal and mechanical forces, have been recognized as influential variables in cellular behavior and tissue maturation. Despite these strides, integration with host tissue remains a significant challenge, involving mechanical and immunological complexities. Looking forward, emerging technologies such as 3D and 4D printing, nanotechnology, and molecular therapies hold the promise of refining scaffold design and enhancing tissue regeneration. As the field continues to mature, a multidisciplinary approach encompassing thorough scientific investigation and collaboration is indispensable for overcoming existing challenges and realizing its full clinical potential.

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Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The importance of articular cartilage in joint health and mobility is widely understood since it allows for frictionless movement and force transfer between bones [ 4 ]. Although its avascular nature gives it a limited ability for regeneration, this complicates wound healing and promotes diseases such as osteoarthritis [ 1 , 2 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Critical Challenges and Frontiers in Cartilage Tissue Engineering

Jeyaraman,

Nallakumarasamy

et al. 2024

Cureus

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“…Biomaterials with optimal mechanical properties should resemble that of cartilage, which is characterized by its non-linear elasticity, viscosity, permeability, compressibility, heterogeneity and anisotropy. A recent review by Petitjean et al [ 85 ] elaborated these characters of native cartilage and pointed our future directions in developing cartilage-like biomaterials.…”

Section: Matrix Stiffness As a Promising Microenvironmental Factor In...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Alteration in cartilage matrix stiffness as an indicator and modulator of osteoarthritis

Song,

Zeng,

et al. 2024

Bioscience Reports

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Osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by cartilage degeneration and destruction, leading to joint ankylosis and disability. The major challenge in diagnosing OA at early stage is not only lack of clinical symptoms but also the insufficient histological and immunohistochemical signs. Alteration in cartilage stiffness during OA progression, especially at OA initiation, has been confirmed by growing evidences. Moreover, the stiffness of cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM), pericellular matrix (PCM) and chondrocytes during OA development are dynamically changed in unique and distinct fashions, revealing possibly inconsistent conclusions when detecting cartilage matrix stiffness at different locations and scales. In addition, it will be discussed regarding the mechanisms through which OA-related cartilage degenerations exhibit stiffened or softened matrix, highlighting some critical events that generally incurred to cartilage stiffness alteration, as well as some typical molecules that participated in constituting the mechanical properties of cartilage. Finally, in vitro culturing chondrocytes in various stiffness-tunable scaffolds provided a reliable method to explore the matrix stiffness-dependent modulation of chondrocyte metabolism, which offers valuable information on optimizing implant scaffolds to maximally promote cartilage repair and regeneration during OA. Overall, this review systematically and comprehensively elucidated the current progresses in the relationship between cartilage stiffness alteration and OA progression. We hope that deeper attention and understanding in this researching field will not only develop more innovative methods in OA early detection and diagnose, but also provide promising ideas in OA therapy and prognosis.

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“…An examination of the literature reveals a lack of recent reviews specifically addressing the OC unit, although there is a very recent review focusing on the human AC [26]-in which the authors conclude by stating that there are still open gaps in understanding the biomechanical properties of the tissue, and that future studies need to investigate them at different dimensional scales-and three others on the biomechanics and mechanobiology of the TB [27][28][29], suggesting that the study of the biomechanics of both healthy and pathological TB remains an important way of understanding tissue complexity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomechanics of the Human Osteochondral Unit: A Systematic Review

Berni,

Marchiori,

Baleani

et al. 2024

Materials

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The damping system ensured by the osteochondral (OC) unit is essential to deploy the forces generated within load-bearing joints during locomotion, allowing furthermore low-friction sliding motion between bone segments. The OC unit is a multi-layer structure including articular cartilage, as well as subchondral and trabecular bone. The interplay between the OC tissues is essential in maintaining the joint functionality; altered loading patterns can trigger biological processes that could lead to degenerative joint diseases like osteoarthritis. Currently, no effective treatments are available to avoid degeneration beyond tissues’ recovery capabilities. A thorough comprehension on the mechanical behaviour of the OC unit is essential to (i) soundly elucidate its overall response to intra-articular loads for developing diagnostic tools capable of detecting non-physiological strain levels, (ii) properly evaluate the efficacy of innovative treatments in restoring physiological strain levels, and (iii) optimize regenerative medicine approaches as potential and less-invasive alternatives to arthroplasty when irreversible damage has occurred. Therefore, the leading aim of this review was to provide an overview of the state-of-the-art—up to 2022—about the mechanical behaviour of the OC unit. A systematic search is performed, according to PRISMA standards, by focusing on studies that experimentally assess the human lower-limb joints’ OC tissues. A multi-criteria decision-making method is proposed to quantitatively evaluate eligible studies, in order to highlight only the insights retrieved through sound and robust approaches. This review revealed that studies on human lower limbs are focusing on the knee and articular cartilage, while hip and trabecular bone studies are declining, and the ankle and subchondral bone are poorly investigated. Compression and indentation are the most common experimental techniques studying the mechanical behaviour of the OC tissues, with indentation also being able to provide information at the micro- and nanoscales. While a certain comparability among studies was highlighted, none of the identified testing protocols are currently recognised as standard for any of the OC tissues. The fibril-network-reinforced poro-viscoelastic constitutive model has become common for describing the response of the articular cartilage, while the models describing the mechanical behaviour of mineralised tissues are usually simpler (i.e., linear elastic, elasto-plastic). Most advanced studies have tested and modelled multiple tissues of the same OC unit but have done so individually rather than through integrated approaches. Therefore, efforts should be made in simultaneously evaluating the comprehensive response of the OC unit to intra-articular loads and the interplay between the OC tissues. In this regard, a multidisciplinary approach combining complementary techniques, e.g., full-field imaging, mechanical testing, and computational approaches, should be implemented and validated. Furthermore, the next challenge entails transferring this assessment to a non-invasive approach, allowing its application in vivo, in order to increase its diagnostic and prognostic potential.

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Cartilage biomechanics: From the basic facts to the challenges of tissue engineering

Cited by 30 publications

References 200 publications

Critical Challenges and Frontiers in Cartilage Tissue Engineering

Critical Challenges and Frontiers in Cartilage Tissue Engineering

Alteration in cartilage matrix stiffness as an indicator and modulator of osteoarthritis

Biomechanics of the Human Osteochondral Unit: A Systematic Review

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