“…For chondrocytic differentiation in vitro of MSCs, it had been demonstrated that TGF-β was necessary for induction in vitro (Worster et al, 2001;Indrawattana et al, 2004;Lisignoli et al, 2005;Bai et al, 2004;Lee et al, 2004;Chen et al, 2003). In addition, other inducers were supplemented for chondrogenic induction, such as CDMP-1 (Bai et al, 2004), BMP (Indrawattana et al, 2004;Lee et al, 2004), GDF-5 (Lee et al, 2004), IGF-I (Worster et al, 2001;Zhang et al, 2004a;Indrawattana et al, 2004) or dexamethasone (Mackay et al, 1998). TGF-β induced-chondrogenesis was regulated through ERK1/2 signaling pathway.…”