Cascading Trophic Interactions and Lake Productivity

Carpenter, Stephen R.; Kitchell, James F.; Hodgson, James R.

doi:10.2307/1309989

Cited by 2,227 publications

(1,373 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Predators often have profound impacts on prey populations and on the organization and function of communities in general (Paine, 1966;Carpenter et al, 1985;Schmitz et al, 1997;Schmitz, 1998;Menge, 2000). The overall effect of predators on communities is determined by interactions between individual predators and prey (Lima, 1998(Lima, , 2002.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hard Clams (Mercenaria mercenaria) Evaluate Predation Risk Using Chemical Signals from Predators and Injured Conspecifics

2006

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Abstract-Hard clams, Mercenaria mercenaria, are sessile, filter-feeding organisms that are heavily preyed upon by blue crabs, which find their clam prey using chemical cues. Clams may evade blue crabs by reducing their pumping (feeding) behavior when a threat is perceived. The purpose of this study was to determine the type of signals that clams use to detect consumers. Clams decreased their pumping time in response to blue crabs and blue crab effluent, but not to crab shells, indicating that chemical signals and not mechanical cues mediated the response of clams to distant predators. Because predator diet can influence prey evaluation of predatory threats, we compared clam responses to blue crabs fed a steady diet of fish, clams, or that were starved prior to the experiment. In addition, we used injured clams as a stimulus because many organisms detect predators by sensing the odor of injured con-or heterospecifics. Clams reduced feeding in response to injured conspecifics and to blue crabs that had recently fed. Clams reacted similarly to fed crabs, regardless of their diet, but did not respond to starved blue crabs. Because blue crabs are generalist predators and the threat posed by these consumers is unrelated to the crab's diet, we should expect clam reactions to blue crabs to be independent of the crab's diet. The failure of clams to react to starved blue crabs likely increases their vulnerability to these consumers, but clam responses to injured conspecifics may constitute a strategy that allows animals to detect an imminent threat when signals emanating from blue crabs are not detectable.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hard Clams (Mercenaria mercenaria) Evaluate Predation Risk Using Chemical Signals from Predators and Injured Conspecifics

2006

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“…The impact of regulations changes in Canadarago Lake in 1988 had the potential to cause major changes in the fish population. Major changes in predator populations have been shown to affect entire lake communities [34,35].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reconstruction of walleye exploitation based on angler diary records and a model of predicted catches

Willms

Green

2007

Mathematical Biosciences

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The walleye population in Canadarago Lake, New York, was 81-95% exploited in the 1988 fishing season, the year in which a previous restriction on the length and number of legally harvestable fish was liberalized. Using diary records from a subset of fishermen, growth estimates, and an estimate of the walleye population in the following year, a method is developed to reconstruct the fish population back to the spring of 1988 and thus determine the exploitation rate. The method is based on a model of diary catches that partitions time and fish length into a set of cells and relates predicted catches and population sizes in these cells. The method's sensitivity to the partitioning scheme, the growth estimates, and the diary data is analyzed. The method could be employed in other fish exploitation analyses and demonstrates the use of inexpensive angler-collected data in fisheries management.

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“…This model was modified by Oksanen et al (1981) who suggested that productivity determined the number of trophic levels in an ecosystem and that biomass and production in a given trophic level were determined by the higher trophic levels. Such characteristic effects were called 'cascading' effects (Carpenter et al, 1985). Persson et al (1988) used this model to integrate bottom-up and top-down effects.…”

Section: Edibility Of Phytoplanktonmentioning

confidence: 99%

The first biomanipulation conference: a synthesis

Lammens¹,

Gulati²,

Meijer

et al. 1990

Biomanipulation Tool for Water Management

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At the First Biomanipulation Conference held in Amsterdam (8-11 August 1989), studies presented considered mainly trophic interactions in lakes, enclosures and laboratory systems. Studies on the interactions between phytoplankton and zooplankton emphasized the edibility of the phytoplankton in relation to the zooplankton size structure and the trophic state. Most lake experiments involved 50-100 reduction in fish standing stock or alternatively heavy stocking with piscivorous fish. The most dramatic effects of biomanipulation were found in shallow, eutrophic lakes which exhibited radical changes in ecosystem structure because of changes in light climate and consequently, luxuriant development of macrophytes. There was still much controversy about the top-down effects in relation to trophic state, especially those concerning the role of fish and zooplankton in the development and succession of phytoplankton. Many experiments showed indirect effects within the food web, emphasizing the importance of feedbacks and the complexity of the food web rather than the simplicity of the food chain. The stabilizing effects of refugia for zooplankton and fish on the ecosystem were stressed. Shallow lakes responded generally more rapidly to biomanipulation and this was most successfully accomplished when TP concentration was < 50/~g 1-', even though in a few cases at 10-20 fold higher TP concentrations (mostly PO4-P lakes) the results achieved could be maintained for two or more summers. For a guaranteed success of the measures an almost complete removal of fish appeared to be indispensible; moreover in many cases removal of benthivorous fish appeared to be even more important than that of planktivorous fish.

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Cascading Trophic Interactions and Lake Productivity

Cited by 2,227 publications

References 44 publications

Hard Clams (Mercenaria mercenaria) Evaluate Predation Risk Using Chemical Signals from Predators and Injured Conspecifics

Hard Clams (Mercenaria mercenaria) Evaluate Predation Risk Using Chemical Signals from Predators and Injured Conspecifics

Reconstruction of walleye exploitation based on angler diary records and a model of predicted catches

The first biomanipulation conference: a synthesis

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