Case Control Study on Nutritional Risk Factors in Celiac Disease

Timing of Introduction of Gluten and Celiac Disease Risk

“…Using the age of 5–6 months as a reference when estimating hazard ratios for future CD, Welander et al [39 ]showed that there was no difference in the risk of CD in infants aged 3–4 months or 7–8 months at gluten introduction. Other studies confirm the lack of an association between timing of gluten introduction and later CD [42,43,44,46,48]. …”

“…However, randomized trials are lacking and with few exceptions [28,39,41], existing studies have been based on retrospectively collected data [42,43,44,45,46,47]. The largest case-control study so far is that by Ivarsson et al [46], where the authors found a reduced risk of future CD in children aged 0–1.9 years at diagnosis but not in children aged 2.0–14.9 years at diagnosis.…”

Introduction of Gluten, HLA Status, and the Risk of Celiac Disease in Children

“…Hazard ratio at 5 yr, 0.7 (95% CI, 0. observational, retrospective studies, [26][27][28][29] which were summarized in a meta-analysis 30 and a systematic review. 31 These surveys did not clarify whether breast-feeding provides permanent protection against celiac disease or simply delays the onset of symptoms.…”

Age at Gluten Introduction and Risk of Celiac Disease

“…Several studies hypothesized that the age at first introduction to gluten could influence the onset of the disease. [6][7][8][9][10][11] Others claim that breastfeeding and its interaction with gluten during weaning could reduce the risk for CD. 12,13 Today, the general recommendation is to introduce small amounts of gluten while the infant is still breastfed, preferably between 4 and 6 months of age.…”