Case Report: Difficulties in the Treatment of a 12-Year-Old Patient With Homozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia, Compound Heterozygous Form − 5 Years Follow-Up

Abstract

The literature review we conducted reveals the limited use of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9-inhibitors (PCSK9i) in children with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). In 2015, a 10-year-old boy presented with round, xanthochromic lesions on his right knee and elbow. The values of total and LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C)−18 and 15 mmol/l, respectively—along with normal triglycerides and HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) confirmed the lesions were xanthomas. The data suggested a homozygous form of FH. The level of lipoprotein (a) was high: 270 mg/dl. Initial treatment, based on European recommendations, included Atorvastatin 20 mg and Ezetimibe 10 mg and led to a decrease in LDL-C by 46% for 5 months; however, the patient developed severe statin intolerance. Atorvastatin was replaced with Rosuvastatin 10 mg, but the symptoms persisted. Success was achieved by switching to an intermittent regimen: Rosuvastatin 10 mg three times a week with a daily intake of Ezetimibe 10 mg. However, the results were far from the desired LDL target. LDL-apheresis was advisable, but unfortunately, it is not performed in Bulgaria. In May 2017, a genetic analysis [two pathological mutations within the LDLR gene: c.1519A>G; p.(Lys507Glu) and c.2403_2406del; p.(Leu802Alafs*126)] confirmed the initial diagnosis: the patient had homozygous FH with compound heterozygosity indeed. Having turned 12 in September 2017, the patient was eligible for treatment with a PCSK9i: Evolocumab 140 mg. The mean reduction of LDL-C with the triple combination reached a reduction of 52.17% for the whole 2-year period. The LDL target was reached in January 2020. The triple therapy significantly reduced Apolipoprotein B by 29.16%. No statistically significant difference was found in Lp (a) levels (p > 0.05) Our clinical case demonstrates that the triple lipid-lowering combination in a patient with compound heterozygous FH is a good therapeutic option for reaching the LDL-target.

Failure of lipid control by PCSK9 inhibitors in compound heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia complicated with premature myocardial infarction: A case report

“…The majority of FH cases arise from mutations in genes encoding low‐density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), apolipoprotein B (ApoB), or proprotein‐converting enzymes/kexin9 (PCSK9) 2 . Effective management of LDL‐C levels plays a crucial role in determining the prognosis of FH patients 3 . PCSK9 inhibitors (PCSK9i) are recommended as lipid‐lowering therapies in patients with FH to further reduce cholesterol levels in conjunction with drugs such as statins or ezetimibe 4 .…”

“… 2 Effective management of LDL‐C levels plays a crucial role in determining the prognosis of FH patients. 3 PCSK9 inhibitors (PCSK9i) are recommended as lipid‐lowering therapies in patients with FH to further reduce cholesterol levels in conjunction with drugs such as statins or ezetimibe. 4 However, not all FH patients respond well to PCSK9i.…”