Case report: eating disorder following torture

Assessment of Trauma Symptoms in Eating-Disordered Populations

“…Childhood sexual abuse is especially implicated (e.g., Ackard & Neumark-Sztainer, 2003;Wonderlich, Crosby, Mitchell, Thompson, et al, 2001) as well as physical maltreatment (e.g., Neumark-Sztainer, Story, Hannan, Beuhring, & Resnick, 2000;Williamson, Thompson, Anda, Dietz, & Felitti, 2002). Other traumas are also linked to EDs, including adult sexual victimization (e.g., Dansky, Brewerton, Kilpatrick, & O'Neil, 1997;Faravelli, Giugni, Salvatori, & Ricca, 2004), prisoner-of-war experiences (e.g., Polivy, Zeitlin, Herman, & Beal, 1994), exposure to violent environments (e.g., Schmidt, Tiller, & Treasure, 1993), and, in one case study, torture (Aksaray, Kaptanoglu, & Özaltin, 2000). The most commonly cited outcome of such traumatic events is bulimic (binge-purge) behaviors (Ackard, NeumarkSztainer, Hannan, French, & Story, 2001;Gustafson et al, 2006), although relationships to obesity and dietary restriction have also been reported (Gustafson & Sarwer, 2004;Williamson et al, 2002;Wonderlich, Crosby, Mitchell, Roberts, et al, 2000).…”

Reported Methods, Distributions, and Frequencies of Torture Globally

“…7, 12, 18, 20, 22, 23, 25, 29, 31, 39, 44, 45, 51, 53, 59, 62, 64, 68, 70, 73, 76, 84, 85, 87, 88, 90, 91, 97, 101, 110, 116, 131, 132, 135, 136, 150, 152, 157, 170, 172, 177, 178, 184, 190, 193, 195, 218, 219, 224, 244, 250, 253-256, 264, 266, 273, 276 The location(s) of torture included regions encompassing multiple countries (ie, "Africa") or parts of multiple countries (ie, "Kurdistan") in 101 studies, and single countries could not be ascribed to those regions. Overall, 113 studies (43%) 7, 16, 17, 22, 23, 27, 30, 31, 33, 34, 40, 41, 43, 45, 46, 49, 51, 55, 57-61, 63-65, 67, 70-72, 76, 77, 79, 82, 84, 86, 89-91, 94, 96, 98, 100, 104, 106, 108-110, 112-114, 116, 118, 123, 128, 132, 134, 137, 140, 142, 146, 148-150, 156, 157, 159, 161, 166, 169, 170, 172, 173, 177, 178, 181, 182, 185, 186, 189, 192, 194, 197-199, 201, 202, 205, 206, 209-211, 216, 221, 223, 226, 228, 229, 231-235, 242, 244, 251, 253, 256, 259, 261, 269, 272, 277 included men and women, 82 studies (31%) 18, 20, 25, 26, 28, 29, 35, 37-39, 44, 47, 48, 52, 54, 56, 62, 66, 68, 69, 83, 87, 93, 97, 99, 102, 103, 105, 107, 111, 117, 119, 120, 127, 130, 133, 139, 151, 152, 154, 162-164, 167, 171, 174, 175, 179, 183, 188, 190, 191, 193, 195, 200, 203, 204, 207, 212, 213, 217-220, 222, 224, 227, 238, 240, 245, 248, JAMA Network Open | Global Health 250,252,254,255,258,264,267,268,[274][275][276] included only men, 27 studies (10%) 19,21,32,36,42,50,53,80,81,85,92,95,101,125,135,136,141,143,145,147,…”

“…A total of 9937 article titles and abstracts were screened, 1739 full-text articles were assessed, and 266 articles were included for analysis (eFigure 1 in Supplement 1). One article was published in 1947 and the rest in 1977 to 2021, with an average increase of 0.25 additional articles published per year from 1977 ...…”

“…Reports of torture could be identified for an average of 2.1 (95% CI, 1.6-2.6) countries per study, and the range was 0 to 39 countries. Only 1 country of torture could be identified for 143 studies (54%), 2 to 10 countries for 53 studies (20%), more than 10 countries for 11 studies (4%), and no single country of torture could be identified for 59 studies (22%) …”

“…The location(s) of torture included regions encompassing multiple countries (ie, “Africa”) or parts of multiple countries (ie, “Kurdistan”) in 101 studies, and single countries could not be ascribed to those regions. Overall, 113 studies (43%) included men and women, 82 studies (31%) included only men, 27 studies (10%) included only women, and the gender of the sample could not be determined for 44 studies (17%)…”