Case series of rash associated with influenza B in school children

Abstract

This case series describes morbilliform and other rash presentations among schoolchildren during a March 2014 outbreak of influenza-like illness (ILI) in British Columbia, Canada. Multiplex nucleic acid testing of nasopharyngeal specimens and paired serologic investigations identified that influenza B, characterized as B/Massachusetts/02/2012-like (Yamagata-lineage), was the only viral aetiology and most likely cause of ILI and rash. An association between influenza B and rash has been described infrequently elsewhere, and not previously in North America. Influenza B should be considered in the differential diagnosis of febrile exanthem. Evaluation of the nature, incidence and contributing agent–host–environment interactions, and immunologic mechanisms to possibly explain influenza-associated rash is warranted.

Cutaneous Manifestations of COVID-19: A Systematic Review

“…47 Skin manifestations seen in influenza A are petechial, macular, papular, maculopapular, reticular, or purpuric patterns, while influenza B exanthems are less common and include localized or generalized morbilliform patterns. 76 Human bocavirus rashes were primarily seen in children and include maculopapular erythema, macular erythema, and petechial exanthema. 77,78 Nonpolio enteroviruses, such as echovirus and coxsackie virus, are the leading cause of rashes in children, especially during the summer and fall.…”

Contemporary Infectious Exanthems: An Update

“…Exanthem is uncommon during influenza viruses infection (2-8% of patients), more frequent in children than adults [47]. It may be localized (face and hands) or generalized and described as macular/maculopapular, papular, petechial, itchy or not [47,48].…”

“…Exanthem is uncommon during influenza viruses infection (2-8% of patients), more frequent in children than adults [47]. It may be localized (face and hands) or generalized and described as macular/maculopapular, papular, petechial, itchy or not [47,48]. Respiratory infections lead to increased susceptibility to subsequent bacterial superinfection treated with antibiotics making difficult to distinguish between rash due to infection and allergic drug reaction.…”

In vivo skin thermophysical property testing technology using flexible thermosensor-based 3ω method

“…In modern medical diagnosis, the correlation between skin lesions and diseases is gradually being explored by researchers. For example, when the influenza like illness broke out in British Columbia, Canada in March 2014, the rash was considered to be an immunological mechanism associated with influenza [11] . In the first half of 2020, New Coronary Pneumonia (COVID-19) is rampant in Asia, Europe and the Americas.…”