Case series profile of olanzapine post‐injection delirium/sedation syndrome

Abstract

Olanzapine pamoate is an intramuscular depot injection for the treatment of schizophrenia. Approximately 1.4% of patients develop a serious adverse event called post‐injection delirium/sedation syndrome (PDSS), characterised by drowsiness, anticholinergic and extrapyramidal symptoms. The objective is to investigate olanzapine PDSS presentations including clinical features and treatment approach. This is a retrospective review of olanzapine PDSS patients from three toxicology units and the NSW Poisons Information Centre between 2017 and 2022. Adult patients were included if they had intramuscular olanzapine then developed PDSS criteria. Clinical symptoms, treatment, timing and length of symptoms were extracted into a preformatted Excel database. There were 18 patients included in the series, with a median age of 49 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 38–58) and male predominance (89%). Median onset time post injection was 30 min (IQR: 11–38). PDSS symptoms predominate with drowsiness, confusion and dysarthria. Median length of symptoms was 24 h (IQR: 20–54). Most common treatment included supportive care without any pharmacological intervention (n = 10), benzodiazepine (n = 4) and benztropine (n = 3). In one case, bromocriptine and physostigmine followed by oral rivastigmine were given to manage antidopaminergic and anticholinergic symptoms respectively. This proposed treatment combination could potentially alleviate some of the symptoms but needs further studies to validate the findings. In conclusion, this case series supports the characterisation of PDSS symptomology predominantly being anticholinergic with similar onset (<1 h) and duration (<72 h). Bromocriptine is proposed to manage PDSS if patients develop severe dopamine blockade and physostigmine followed by rivastigmine for anticholinergic delirium.

Olanzapine Pharmacokinetics: A Clinical Review of Current Insights and Remaining Questions

“… 83 Common PDSS symptoms include drowsiness, confusion, slurred speech, agitation, and ataxia, consistent with olanzapine overdose and suggestive of anticholinergic syndrome. 83 , 84 Between 2009 and 2015, there were no reported cases of PDSS symptoms beginning beyond three hours of injection, with approximately 91% of cases occurring within the first hour. 85 It was found that low Body Mass Index (BMI) and increased age were mild risk factors for PDSS.…”