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A paper presents laboratory research conducted to evaluate technological properties of the nanoparticle-induced water shut-off agent and to assess its potential for gas recovery enhancement in geo-physically complicated reservoir conditions. The studied water shut-off agent is an inverse emulsion generated through the synergy of physico-chemical reactions between natural and artificial surfactants with silicon dioxide nanoparticles (NPs). Ultra-hydrophobicity and stability of the nanoparticle-based emulsion (nano-emulsion) conveys game-changing technological properties, resulting in a high performance of the water shut-off agent. Introduced in this paper research program was specifically developed to meet an inquiry of gas-condensate fields operator for an efficient physico-chemical or chemical water shut-off technology with zero secondary damage to reservoir. Therefore, the research program aimed to evaluate technological properties of the emulsion system with nanoparticles (ESN) in the tight sandstone formation conditions 8990 psi and 230°F. Firstly, rheometric study and tests in an autoclave were conducted to measure rheology, stability, compatibility and floating property of the ESN water shut-off agent under heavier polymer-clay fluid. Secondly, core flooding tests were conducted on four sets of natural low-permeable sandstone core columns to assess reversibility feature of the ESN water shut-off agent and a threshold pressure of the gas-condensate breakthrough. Rheology of the investigated water shut-off agent characterized by the share thinning behavior, i.e., viscosity drops under rise of the share rate and the other way around. The pseudoplastic behavior of the ESN perfectly suits applications in gas wells because it improves processes of preparing and pumping the water shut-off fluid downhole, does not float under heavier process fluids and self-controllable in-situ. It was learned that the ESN is compatible with reservoir and process fluids, and stable at reservoir conditions 230°F and 8990 psi. The ESN's blockage reversibility feature was confirmed in core floods. Overall, the research results confirmed innovative properties of the ESN water shut-off technology with its wide-range compatibility and high stability properties.
A paper presents laboratory research conducted to evaluate technological properties of the nanoparticle-induced water shut-off agent and to assess its potential for gas recovery enhancement in geo-physically complicated reservoir conditions. The studied water shut-off agent is an inverse emulsion generated through the synergy of physico-chemical reactions between natural and artificial surfactants with silicon dioxide nanoparticles (NPs). Ultra-hydrophobicity and stability of the nanoparticle-based emulsion (nano-emulsion) conveys game-changing technological properties, resulting in a high performance of the water shut-off agent. Introduced in this paper research program was specifically developed to meet an inquiry of gas-condensate fields operator for an efficient physico-chemical or chemical water shut-off technology with zero secondary damage to reservoir. Therefore, the research program aimed to evaluate technological properties of the emulsion system with nanoparticles (ESN) in the tight sandstone formation conditions 8990 psi and 230°F. Firstly, rheometric study and tests in an autoclave were conducted to measure rheology, stability, compatibility and floating property of the ESN water shut-off agent under heavier polymer-clay fluid. Secondly, core flooding tests were conducted on four sets of natural low-permeable sandstone core columns to assess reversibility feature of the ESN water shut-off agent and a threshold pressure of the gas-condensate breakthrough. Rheology of the investigated water shut-off agent characterized by the share thinning behavior, i.e., viscosity drops under rise of the share rate and the other way around. The pseudoplastic behavior of the ESN perfectly suits applications in gas wells because it improves processes of preparing and pumping the water shut-off fluid downhole, does not float under heavier process fluids and self-controllable in-situ. It was learned that the ESN is compatible with reservoir and process fluids, and stable at reservoir conditions 230°F and 8990 psi. The ESN's blockage reversibility feature was confirmed in core floods. Overall, the research results confirmed innovative properties of the ESN water shut-off technology with its wide-range compatibility and high stability properties.
Water production management is a common concern for oil fields adopting water flooding. Water shut-off (WSO) technologies: both mechanical and chemical methods have been investigated to mitigate increasing water production. Mechanical methods like cementing or shut-off by completion types work within the wellbore. Crosslink polymer gels as chemical method penetrate by maximum 10 ft from the wellbore in most cases. Hence, the crossflow inside the reservoir is considered as a potential risk to deteriorate the WSO impact on production improvement. This paper focuses on an advanced nano-chemical WSO technology, which is emulsion system with supercharged nanoparticles (ESN®). The ESN® has unique features to overcome several difficulties which conventional chemical methods face frequently. Furthermore, the ESN® has a strong advantage that can selectively block water zone and penetrate in maximum 50 ft from the wellbore. A pilot test of chemical water shut off using ESN® is planned in an offshore carbonate oil field (Field-A) in Abu Dhabi. The Field-A has been developed under continuous water injection more than 25 years and suffers from the resultant high water production. Well-1 was selected as a candidate well for pilot test because this well had been unable to flow due to high water cut. As the first step of pilot preparation, the effectiveness of ESN® was evaluated using the numerical simulation model compared with conventional WSO methods. In the simulation model, local grid refinement (LGR) was applied at the grids including wellbore to replicate the penetration feature of each WSO. According to this model, the ESN® expected significant benefit on the well life extension by water cut reduction and increase in oil production compared with the conventional gels. For further detailed evaluation by the numerical model, the uncertainty of reservoir properties affecting crossflow was evaluated through sensitivity study. In the upper part of reservoir in the Field-A, there is high permeability streak which acts as a main flow path for injected water from injectors to producers. For vertical and deviated oil producers, the perforation was conducted below the high permeability streak to avoid early water breakthrough. With consideration of these specifications, a sensitivity study of vertical permeability and high permeability streak was conducted. As a result of sensitivity study, improvement of well performance by ESN® was expected with consideration of parameter uncertainty range, though incremental oil production is dependent on parameter value. As the next step of pilot preparation, this sensitivity study outcomes were also utilized to select such pilot well which can expect maximum incremental recovery by applying this technology.
This is a knowledge-sharing manuscript, which focuses on the methods for planning and execution of new technology integration projects in petroleum and geosystems industry. Described in the manuscript proper method of arrangement of the new technology integration projects is based on years of practicing a multidisciplinary approach to the new technology integration for improved oil recovery (IOR). This approach involves the use of knowledge of fundamentals in economics, management, marketing, law and engineering. The new technology integration in such a globally immense and inflexible industry as oil and gas exploration and production (E&P) is a challenging task. The E&P industry segment distinguishes itself from the others by its large share in global trade, capital-intensive nature, and extra-slow pace of projects for the new IOR technology integration. Obstacles to successful integration of new technology in the E&P industry are present at all scales. In the context, it may be regulatory complexities, infrastructural challenges and commodity market volatility. At the business and corporate level, it may be risk aversion, information asymmetry, corporate culture and sometimes stakeholders’ or management's skepticism. Any of these obstacles can hinder or prevent the adoption of the innovation. Therefore, even though the benefits and competitive advantages are clear, being a conceptually new technology conveys many hidden obstacles and entry barriers for integration, making this road a bumpy one. This manuscript delves into practice of the new technology integration on an example of the nanotechnology called Emulsion System with Nanoparticles (ESN) applied for subsurface flows control in petroleum and geosystems industry. Recommendations given in this paper may help both technology-developers and E&P companies overcome some of those above-mentioned obstacles and barriers. The knowledge shared in this manuscript is based on a multi-year experience of the ESN technology integration in several gigantic national oil companies and international joint ventures for oil and gas E&P in Europe, the Middle East and South-East Asia. Analysis of the accumulated international experience in the ESN technology integration helped to find common flaws in the process of pilot projects arrangements, as well as helped to develop a proper methodology for the new technology integration process. This study aims to shed light on the hidden obstacles existing nowadays and to equip decision-makers with actionable strategies to facilitate new technology integration in the global petroleum and geosystems industry.
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