Case Study: Inflow of Groundwater into Open-Cast Mine Hambach, Germany

Spiller, Martin; Forkel, Christian; Köngeter, Jürgen

doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(2004)130:7(608)

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Burhannudinnur and Morley (1997) noted a distinct mixing of shale and cataclastic fragments in the clay smear at outcrops in north-west Borneo, Malaysia. Grain scale mixing appears to be a common process in faults in poorly lithified sediments (Bense et al, 2003b;Heynekamp et al, 1999;Kristensen et al, 2013;Loveless et al, 2011) and is also noticed in analogue experiments (Clausen and Gabrielsen, 2002;Noorsalehi-Garakani et al, 2013;Schmatz et al, 2010b) and numerical models (TerHeege et al, 2013). Bense et al (2003b) and Kristensen et al (2013) additionally noted a reorientation of grains along slip planes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 63%

“…Mixing causes an increase of the total clay-rich volume and decreasing permeability as the clay fills the space between sand grains (Bense et al, 2003b;Crawford et al, 2002;van der Zee, 2002). A thickening of clay smears by mixing is also described by Schmatz et al (2010b), Noorsalehi-Garakani et al (2013 and Clausen and Gabrielsen (2002) from analogue models as well as in discrete element models by TerHeege et al (2013). In terms of permeability, a mixed clay smear can be considered a better seal as long as the clay volume exceeds the pore volume of the sand grains.…”

Section: Grain-scale Mixingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mechanisms of clay smear formation in unconsolidated sediments – insights from 3-D observations of excavated normal faults

et al. 2016

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Abstract. Clay smears in normal faults can form seals for hydrocarbons and groundwater, and their prediction in the subsurface is an important problem in applied and basic geoscience. However, neither their complex 3-D structure, nor their processes of formation or destruction are well understood, and outcrop studies to date are mainly 2-D. We present a 3-D study of an excavated normal fault with clay smear, together with both source layers, in unlithified sand and clay of the Hambach open-cast lignite mine in Germany. The faults formed at a depth of 150 m, and have shale gouge ratios between 0.1 and 0.3. The fault zones are layered, with sheared sand, sheared clay and tectonically mixed sand–clay gouge. The thickness of clay smears in two excavated fault zones of 1.8 and 3.8 m2 is approximately log-normal, with values between 5 mm and 5 cm, without holes. The 3-D thickness distribution is heterogeneous. We show that clay smears are strongly affected by R and R' shears, mostly at the footwall side. These shears can locally cross and offset clay smears, forming holes in the clay smear, while thinning of the clay smear by shearing in the fault core is less important. The thinnest parts of the clay smears are often located close to source layer cut-offs. Locally, the clay smear consists of overlapping patches of sheared clay, separated by sheared sand. More commonly, it is one amalgamated zone of sheared sand and clay. A microscopic study of fault-zone samples shows that grain-scale mixing can lead to thickening of the low permeability smears, which may lead to resealing of holes.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 63%

Section: Grain-scale Mixingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms of clay smear formation in unconsolidated sediments – insights from 3-D observations of excavated normal faults

et al. 2016

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“…The mining activity has a high environmental impact in terms of deforestation, biodiversity and groundwater circulation. In particular, the increasing depth of the excavation activities makes the depletion of the ground water level necessary to guarantee the excavation of the coal basin [58]. The interferometric results provided by the German GMS evidence a large subsidence area, almost 20-km-wide and 25-km-long ( Figure 2B).…”

Section: Observable Deformation Rates and Deformation Modelingmentioning

confidence: 98%

The Evolution of Wide-Area DInSAR: From Regional and National Services to the European Ground Motion Service

et al. 2020

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This study is focused on wide-area deformation monitoring initiatives based on the differential interferometric SAR technique (DInSAR). In particular, it addresses the use of advanced DInSAR (A-DInSAR) techniques, which are based on large sets of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and Copernicus Sentinel-1 images. Such techniques have undergone a dramatic development in the last twenty years: they are now capable to process big sets of SAR images and can be exploited to realize a wide-area A-DInSAR monitoring. The study describes several initiatives to establish wide-area ground motion services (GMS), both at county- and region-level. In the second part of the study, some of the key technical aspects related to wide-area A-DInSAR monitoring are discussed. Finally, the last part of the study is devoted to the European ground motion service (EGMS), which is part of the Copernicus land monitoring service. It represents the most important wide-area A-DInSAR deformation monitoring system ever developed. The study describes its main characteristics and its main products. The end of the production of the first EGMS baseline product is foreseen for the last quarter of 2021.

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Case Study: Inflow of Groundwater into Open-Cast Mine Hambach, Germany

Cited by 9 publications

References 7 publications

Mechanisms of clay smear formation in unconsolidated sediments – insights from 3-D observations of excavated normal faults

Mechanisms of clay smear formation in unconsolidated sediments – insights from 3-D observations of excavated normal faults

The Evolution of Wide-Area DInSAR: From Regional and National Services to the European Ground Motion Service

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