Schools are a stabilising feature in the unsettled lives of refugee students. They provide safe spaces for new encounters, interactions and learning opportunities. They also deliver literacy, the key to educational success, post-school options, life choices, social participation and settlement. Currently Australian schools are poorly funded and illequipped to provide effective English as a Second Language teaching and support. A new cohort of refugee students mainly from Africa and the Middle East are struggling. This article discusses the importance of educational interventions that keep in mind both the immediacy of 'what is happening now' and broader post-colonial conditions. It identifies the limits of piecemeal partnership interventions and the domination of psychological approaches that individualise the issues and overemphasise pre-displacement conditions of trauma. Such approaches disregard the socio-political conditions of post-displacement and issues of racialisation, acculturation and resilience. The article argues for good practice approaches to schooling and settlement that involve whole-school accounting for organisational processes and structures, policy, procedure, pedagogy and curricula.Keywords: refugee students; refugee education; racialisation; acculturation; resilience
IntroductionThe new cohort of refugee students in Australian high schools are mainly from Africa and the Middle East and comprise a distinct, conspicuous and complex minority. 1 In the early 1990s refugees mainly came from the Middle East and former Yugoslavia and in the 1980s from Asia and Latin America. The education of African and Middle Eastern refugee students is of concern for two reasons: first because we know little about the historical and cultural backgrounds of new refugees and the effects of pre-and post-displacement factors such as interrupted schooling, lack of literacy in mother tongue, trauma, torture, migrant status and reception, racialisation, acculturation and resilience; and, second, because English as a Second language (ESL) instruction and support are currently under-funded and poorly resourced.Forced migration and the experience of migrants from African and the Middle East have not provided the grounding for theories of schooling and settlement. In Australia theoretical understandings are predominantly based on the experience of European and Asian migrants. Teachers and students are unfamiliar with the historical and political circumstances of intra-national conflict and forced migration in these regions, as well as ethnic and cultural differences: