“…The peak excess pore pressure generated by open-end piles with radial penetration is lower, and the dissipation rate is faster [14,16,17]. Closed-end piles are often subjected to high soil rebound, and their permanent deformation is very small [17]. However, the soil's mechanical properties and the distribution of soil layers also have an impact on changes in pore water pressure [16,18], but similar boundary-scale responses have been observed when piles are driven in non-typical soils, like diatomaceous earth, which has a high intra-particle porosity, complex particle shapes, and uniform mineralogy [19].…”