Case Study of Municipal Waste and Its Reliance on Reverse Logistics in European Countries

Abstract

The authors have examined municipal waste, its components and their integration with reverse logistics processes. Background: The theoretical part begins with a definition of municipal waste. Later, the integration between municipal waste and reverse logistics is provided, including presentation of the hierarchy of qualitative methods and models. Methods: The authors constructed a correlation matrix and applied a dynamic regression model to identify that the level of municipal waste impacts recycling of biowaste which demands reverse logistics. Results: The authors provided a dynamic regression model which could be applied for forecasting the size of recycled municipal waste into biowaste indicated in European Union countries. Conclusions: The variety of components in municipal waste prevents the increase of the recycling rates and has to be changed to ones that have higher recycling rates.

Review of challenges to transition towards circular economy

“…This means that waste is minimised, and the recovered waste is recycled and converted into innovative forms of production. Kirchherr et al, 2023;Lingaitienė et al 2022;Burinskienė et al 2022;Figge & Thorpe, 2023;Lu et al, 2024;Xijie et al, 2023;Munaro & Tavares, 2023;Burke et al, 2023;Mostaghimi & Behnamian, 2023;Katakojwala et. al., 2023;Voukkali et al, 2023;Ruiz et al, 2020;Mintz et al 2019 Cyclicality The CE promotes the cyclicality of resources; that is, resources are used to be reused without significant losses.…”

“…This may include commitments to sustainable production, responsible supply chains, and social support projects. Lingaitienė et al, 2022;Burinskienė et al, 2022;Lu et al, 2024;Xijie et al, 2023;Munaro & Tavares, 2023;Burke et al, 2023;Kirchherr et al, 2023;Voukkali et al, 2023 Resource efficiency and the CE are essential in environmental and economic protection. Resource efficiency reduces dependence on natural resources, playing a vital role in the economy and protecting the world, thus benefiting in the long term (Moraga et al, 2022;Burinskienė et al, 2022).…”

Effects on print quality of varying acrylic binder types in water‐based flexographic ink formulations

“…Today, customers are more enlightened and more aware of the environmental impact of consumer products. They do not only take into consideration quality of products but also product safety, environmental impacts, and recycling of used packaged products 12 . One aspect of packaging is the ink formulation used in printing, which we will cover next for flexographic printing.…”