Cashew Nut Production in Southern Tanzania IV—The Root System of The Cashew Nut Tree

Tsakiris, A.; Northwood, P. J.

doi:10.1080/00128325.1967.11662181

Cited by 8 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…Also, previous irrigation method had little effect in following years since trees in the 'compound' treatments, Sp 250, Sp varied and Dr varied behaved similarly to the other treatments. That this diverse range of treatments resulted in such uniform behaviour in these trees presumably reflects the ability of cashew to produce an expansive root system with access to the water, wherever it was applied (Taskiris and Northwood 1967;Abdul Khader 1987;Wahid et al 1989;Schaper et al 1996). It is well known that the distribution of plant roots is variable, with the greatest proportion of active roots being produced in soil zones with the most favourable conditions (Lynch 1995).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Cashew has an extensive root system (Taskiris and Northwood 1967;Abdul Khader 1987;Schaper et al 1996) and it is likely that the trees in this experiment extracted soil moisture from regions beyond the zone in which measurements of soil moisture content were made. The presence of a granitic layer at about 1.3 m deep prevented measurement of soil moisture content deep in the soil profile, but the fact that soil moisture content in Nil 96 did not change significantly during the irrigation intervals demonstrates that these trees must have been extracting water from elsewhere, either deeper in the soil profile or from the inter-row, to maintain gas exchange.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Productivity and water relations of field-grown cashew: a comparison of sprinkler and drip irrigation

Blaikie

Chacko²,

Lü³

et al. 2001

Aust. J. Exp. Agric.

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Cashew is an emerging crop in the seasonally 'wet-dry' tropical regions of northern Australia. In North Queensland flowering and fruiting of cashew coincides with the dry season (May-November). During this period growers sprinkler irrigate at 500 L/tree.week. A 3-year (1996-98) experiment compared this strategy with alternatives, including no irrigation or drip irrigation in which 115 or 230 L/tree.week was applied by drippers placed near the tree trunk and near the canopy drip line throughout the dry season. Measurements of soil water to 1.3 m, leaf gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, tree sap flow and yield were made. Data collected in the first 2 years showed that the water requirement of the trees increased progressively as the crop load and evaporative demand increased during the dry season. During the final year of the study, additional sprinkler and drip treatments, in which water applications were progressively increased during the dry season, were introduced.The productivity of cashew in this experiment was strongly influenced by irrigation treatments, ranging (over all years) from 42 to 160 g nut/m 2 canopy surface area. Depletion of plant-available water in the root zone was associated with a reduction in photosynthesis mediated by partial stomatal closure. These effects of soil drying were evident in all irrigated treatments during the mid and late stages of the dry season but were more severe in treatments receiving the least water. When irrigation was withheld until the mid-stage of the dry season the trees had similar yields to those that were irrigated throughout, emphasising the importance of providing adequate irrigation between nut set and harvest.When rainfall from January to September in each year of the study was taken into account, there was a strong linear relationship between nut yield and water applied (rainfall + irrigation), with each extra kilolitre of water applied resulting in about 6 extra g nut/m 2 canopy surface area. This linear relationship was based on water application in the range 25-50 kL per season. It is possible that if the seasonal water application had exceeded 50 kL the marginal response to extra water may have diminished. Using drippers was slightly more efficient than sprinklers, with drip-irrigated trees requiring about 5% less water applied to achieve a given nut yield.In years when rainfall is average, and subject to other economic factors, growers in North Queensland should aim to irrigate about 500 L/tree.week. In years of low rainfall between January and September it is likely that yield will be improved by applying more irrigation water; high rainfall during these months of the year may reduce the irrigation requirement. In all cases growers should be careful to accurately monitor water applications, particularly when the total (from rainfall + irrigation) exceeds 40 kL/tree for the season.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Productivity and water relations of field-grown cashew: a comparison of sprinkler and drip irrigation

Blaikie

Chacko²,

Lü³

et al. 2001

Aust. J. Exp. Agric.

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“…The root systems of cashew trees of different ages in Tanzania were excavated and illustrated by Tsakiris and Northwood (1967). In a loam to loamy sand topsoil overlying about 3 m of sandy clay subsoil, roots of 30-month-, 42-month- and 54-month-old trees extended to depths of 2 m, >2.3 m and >5 m respectively The spread of lateral roots 18, 30, 42 and 72 months after planting was 1.2, 4.6, 5.6 and 7.3 m from the main stem respectively.…”

Section: Crop Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

THE WATER RELATIONS AND IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS OF CASHEW (ANACARDIUM OCCIDENTALE L.): A REVIEW

Carr

2013

Ex. Agric.

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The centre of origin of cashew is believed to be Brazil, from where it has spread since the 16th century throughout the tropics. In recent years, Vietnam has surpassed India to become the world's largest producer of cashew nut. Most of the research on the water relations of cashew has been done in Brazil, where it is both a large-scale commercial and a smallholder crop, and in Australia, where cashew is a possible emerging new crop. There are two 'types' of cashew: 'talls' and 'dwarfs'. Both are evergreen trees in which vegetative growth occurs in a series of flushes. Flowers form annually on the end of branches in the dry season, and flowering continues for two to four months. It then takes about two months from pollination for the nut to mature. Roots can extend to great depths (>5 m), while cashew's wide-spreading rooting habit is critical to its successful adaptation to semi-arid/dry conditions. The optimum temperature for CO 2 assimilation is in the range 25-35 • C. Progressive closure of the stomata occurs at saturation deficits of the air >1.5 kPa. In the field, differences in rates of gas exchange between irrigated and unirrigated cashew trees only become apparent three or four months after the end of the rains, the stomata playing an important role in maintaining a favourable leaf water status in dry conditions. Sap flow measurements indicate transpiration rates of 20-28 L d −1 tree −1 . Irrigation can be beneficial during the period from flowering to the start of harvest, but reliable estimates of water productivity have yet to be established. The best/only estimate is 0.26 kg (nut in shell) m −3 (irrigation water). There is a continuing need to develop a method to estimate the water requirements of cashew, to identify where and when irrigation of cashew is likely to be justified and to develop a practical irrigation schedule.

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“…The root distribution pattern of trees varies from region to region and it is influenced by species, age of the tree, season, soil properties and other cultural practices (Singh et al, 2012) [12] .The structural relationship between the rootstock and scion shows the relationship between vigour reduction of rootstocks and dry matter content of the root (Bithell et al, 2016) [2] . Several previous reports are available to determine the cashew rooting pattern (Tsakiris and Northwood, 1967;Vidyadharan and Peethambaran, 1979;Harishu Kumar and Khader, 1985;Khader, 1986;Wahid et al, 1989, Salam et al, 1995and Yadhukumar, 2001) [13,14,5,6,15,10,17] but not to compare rootstocks. Earlier studies have shown that the root distribution pattern of cashew depends on the climate, planting material, tree age, type of soil and fertility, irrigation etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Earlier studies have shown that the root distribution pattern of cashew depends on the climate, planting material, tree age, type of soil and fertility, irrigation etc. (Kumar and Khader, 1985, Tsakiris and Northwood 1967, Peethambarm, 1979 andYadhukumar, 2001) [8,13,14,17] . Precise information on root distribution in the rootstock decides the plant density, irrigation as well as to explore the possibility of using the subsoil resources of the soil and intercultural operations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies on effect of rootstocks on root distribution pattern of cashew

Janani¹,

Jd²

2020

Int. J. Chem. Stud.

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The present investigation on the root distribution pattern of cashew rootstocks was carried out at ICAR-Directorate of Cashew Research (DCR), Experimental Station, Santhigodu, Karnataka. The study aimed to understand the root distribution of two dwarfing rootstocks (NRC 492, Taliparamba-1) and one vigorous rootstock (Vengurla-4) of eight-years-oldcashew tree, as determined by the root excavation method. The root samples were collected vertically from different depths (0-200 cm) and laterally at different distances (0-300 cm) from the tree trunk. Results indicated that the root distribution pattern showed significant genotypic variation. Regarding the vertical distribution of roots, 95 percent of the roots were distributed in 0-100 cm horizons, while very few roots were in the 100-200 cm horizons. In the lateral distribution, 97 percent of root density was in the 0-200 cm area from the tree trunk. Vengurla-4 (vigorous rootstock) had a higher root length, root volume and two-fold increases in total root production compared to dwarf rootstocks. PCA study revealed that the selection of rootstocks based on tree height, TCSA, canopy spread, lateral and vertical distribution of roots represent the main morphological indices for evaluating the effect of cashew rootstocks.

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Cashew Nut Production in Southern Tanzania IV—The Root System of The Cashew Nut Tree

Cited by 8 publications

References 3 publications

Productivity and water relations of field-grown cashew: a comparison of sprinkler and drip irrigation

Productivity and water relations of field-grown cashew: a comparison of sprinkler and drip irrigation

THE WATER RELATIONS AND IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS OF CASHEW (ANACARDIUM OCCIDENTALE L.): A REVIEW

Studies on effect of rootstocks on root distribution pattern of cashew

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