Faculty of Sciences DEPARTMENT OF THEORETICAL PHYSICS, ATOMIC PHYSICS AND OPTICS Doctor of Philosophy EXTENDED OBJECTS IN QUANTUM FIELD THEORY IN THREE DIMENSIONS AND APPLICATIONS by Lucía SANTAMARÍA SANZ In this thesis the systematic study of Quantum Field Theories (QFT) in various dimensions is proposed from the point of view of mathematical and theoretical physics, paying special attention to systems of one and three spatial dimensions (in addition to the temporal dimension in both cases) under the influence of some particular external conditions. These conditions vary from local interactions with other external classical fields to ideal boundary conditions in confining geometries. More specifically, the main objective of this work is the study of the spectrum of quantum fluctuations of the fields in the vacuum state subject to the external conditions already indicated. This study will be applied to the calculation of several relevant parameters in three-dimensional and one-dimensional extended structures. These systems have recently received increasing interest in material physics (in micro-electromechanical devices based on the Casimir effect or topological defects in meta materials and nano tubes) and in fundamental physics (quantum effects in modern cosmology and topological defects such as domain walls, monopoles and skyrmions). Different configurations of quantum fields, both in compact domains and in open ones with boundaries, will be studied: A scalar field confined between plates mimicked by the most general type of lossless and frequently independent boundary conditions. Scalar fields propagating at finite temperature under the influence of Dirac d-d 0 lattices and Pöschl-Teller combs. Scalar fields between two parallel plates mimicked by Dirac d potentials in a curved background of a topological Pöschl-Teller kink. Relativistic fermionic particles propagating in the real space under the influence of either a single and a double Dirac d potential.