Caspase‐Independent and Autophagic Programmed Cell Death

Bursch, Wilfried; Ellinger, Adolf; Gerner, Christopher; Schulte‐Hermann, Rolf

doi:10.1002/0471476501.ch12

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 119 publications

(248 reference statements)

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“…[47][48][49][50] It is entirely possible that autophagy serves as an important contributing factor in this process. On the other hand, there are a number of disease conditions where the autophagic process is disrupted such as Parkinson's, Huntington's and Alzheimer's disease 51 and the ability to mimic the properties that drive such an autophagic response would be desirable. Perhaps a biodegradable nanomaterial that mimics the properties of the pSWCNT, which induce this autophagic response, could be developed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparison of catabolic pathways induced in primary macrophages by pristine single walled carbon nanotubes and pristine graphene

McIntyre¹,

Verma

Smith

et al. 2016

RSC Adv.

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Understanding the correlation between the physico-chemical properties of carbonaceous nanomaterials and how these properties impact on cells and subcelluar mechanisms is critical to their risk assessment and safe translation into newly engineered devices. Here the toxicity, uptake and catabolic response of primary human macrophages to pristine graphene (PG) and pristine single walled carbon nanotubes (pSWCNT) are explored, compared and contrasted. The nanomaterial toxicity was assessed using three complementary techniques (live-dead assay, real time impedance technique and confocal microscopic analysis), all of which indicated no signs of acute cytotoxicity in response to PG or pSWCNT. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) demonstrated that PG was phagocytosed by the cells into single membrane lysosomal vesicles, whereas the primary macrophages exposed to pSWCNT contained many double membrane vesicles indicative of an autophagic response. These distinct catabolic pathways were further verified by biochemical and microscopic techniques. Raman spectroscopic mapping was used to explore the nanomaterial uptake and distribution. Based on the G-band, significant uptake and accumulation of the PG in discrete vesicles was recorded, whereas the pSWCNT were not taken up to the same extent. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of the cells treated with PG revealed that ~ 20-30% of the remaining dry mass was made up of PG. No detectable amount of pSWCNT was recorded using TGA. TEM analysis confirmed that PG was still graphitic even after 24 hours of accumulation in the lysosomal compartments. In conclusion, these two nanomaterials with similar surface chemistries but unique geometries differ significantly in their uptake mechanisms and subsequently induced lysosomal and autophagic catabolic pathways in human primary macrophages.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparison of catabolic pathways induced in primary macrophages by pristine single walled carbon nanotubes and pristine graphene

McIntyre¹,

Verma

Smith

et al. 2016

RSC Adv.

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show abstract

“…Degradation of proteins or whole organelles, primarily called autophagy, has been studied in different mammalian, yeast and plant systems (Heynen et al ., 1985; Baba et al ., 1994; Mizushima et al ., 1998, 2002; Huang & Klionsky, 2002; Reggiori & Klionsky, 2002; Weber & Davoli, 2002; Bursch et al ., 2004). Previous studies have shown that degradation processes begin with the enclosure of the organelle by membranes derived from the ER, creating an autophagosome that then fuses with a lysosome (Klionsky & Ohsumi, 1999; Kim & Klionsky, 2000; Reggiori & Klionsky, 2002; Gray, 2004).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organelle interactions and possible degradation pathways visualized in high‐pressure frozen algal cells

Aichinger

Lütz‐Meindl

2005

Journal of Microscopy

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SummaryOrganelle interactions, although essential for both anabolic and catabolic pathways in plant cells have not been examined in detail so far. In the present study the structure of different organelle-organelle, organelle-vesicle and organelle-membrane interactions were investigated in growing and nongrowing cells of the green alga Micrasterias denticulata by use of high pressure freeze fixation and energy filtering transmission electron microscopy. It became clear that contacts between mitochondria always occur by formation of a cone-shaped protuberance of one of the mitochondria which penetrates into its fusion partner. In the same way, structural interactions between mitochondria and mucilage vesicles and between microbodies and mucilage vesicles are achieved. Lytic compartments contact mitochondria or mucilage vesicles again by forming protuberances and by extending their contents into the respective compartment. Detached portions of mitochondria are found inside lytic compartments as a consequence of such interactions. Mitochondria found in contact with the plasma membrane reveal structural disintegration. Our study shows that interactions of organelles and vesicles are frequent events in Micrasterias cells of different ages. The interactive contacts between lytic compartments and organelles or vesicles suggest a degradation pathway different from autophagy processes described in the literature. Both the interactions between vesicles and organelles and the degradation pathways occur independently from cytoskeleton function as demonstrated by use of cytochalasin D and the microtubule inhibitor amiprophos-methyl.

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“…Autophagy and apoptosis are independent but clearly complementary mechanisms. Autophagy is the cell survival mechanism par excellence, so its inhibition reduces the chances of cell survival, favouring apoptosis [42]. Many viral genomes encode gene products that modulate apoptosis, either positively or negatively.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Melatonin on Herpesvirus Type 1 Replication

Perez-Martinez,

Boga,

Potes

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Acute HSV-1 infection is associated with mild symptom, such as fever and lesions of the mouth, face and skin. This phase is followed by a latency period before reactivation which is associated with symptoms ranging from ulcers to encephalitis. Despite available anti-HSV-1 drugs, the development of new antiviral agents is sought due to the presence of resistant viruses. Melatonin, a molecule secreted by the pineal gland, has been shown to be an antioxidant, inducer of antioxidant enzymes, and regulator of various biological processes. Clinical trials have explored its therapeutic utility in conditions including infections. This study focuses on melatonin's role in HSV-1 replication and the underlying mechanisms. Melatonin was found to decrease the synthesis of HSV-1 proteins in infected Vero cells measured by inmunofluorescence indicating an inhibition of HSV-1 replication. Additionally, it regulates the activities of antioxidant enzymes and affects proteasome activity. Melatonin activates the unfolded protein response (UPR) and autophagy and suppresses apoptosis in HSV-1-infected cells. In summary, melatonin demonstrates an inhibitory role in HSV-1 replication by modulating various cellular responses, suggesting its potential utility in the treatment of viral infections.

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Caspase‐Independent and Autophagic Programmed Cell Death

Cited by 7 publications

References 119 publications

A comparison of catabolic pathways induced in primary macrophages by pristine single walled carbon nanotubes and pristine graphene

A comparison of catabolic pathways induced in primary macrophages by pristine single walled carbon nanotubes and pristine graphene

Organelle interactions and possible degradation pathways visualized in high‐pressure frozen algal cells

Effect of Melatonin on Herpesvirus Type 1 Replication

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