Cassava Chips and Ground Corn as Sources of Total Non-Fiber Carbohydrates in Total Mixed Rations for Dairy Cows

Eight crossbred (75% Holstein Friesian) cows in mid-lactation were randomly assigned to a switchback design with a 2x2 factorial arrangement to evaluate two nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) sources (corn meal and cassava chips) with different rumen degradability and used at two levels of NSC (55 vs. 75%) with protein source (supplied by urea in the concentrate mix). The treatments were 1) Low degradable low level of corn (55%) 2) Low degradable high level of corn (75%) 3) High degradable low level of cassava (55%) and 4) High degradable high level of cassava (75%). The cows were offered the treatment concentrate at a ratio to milk yield at 1:2. Urea-treated rice straw was offered ad libitum as the roughage and supplement with 1 kg/hd/d cassava hay. The results revealed that total DM intake, BW and digestion coefficients of DM were not affected by either level or source of energy. Rumen fermentation parameters; NH 3 -N, blood urea nitrogen and milk urea nitrogen were unaffected by source of energy, but were dramatically increased by level of NSC. Rumen microorganism populations were not affected (p>0.05) by source of energy, but fungal zoospores were greater for cassava-based concentrate than corn-based concentrate. Milk production and milk composition were not affected significantly by diets containing either source or level of NSC, however milk fat percentage showed a trend towards higher levels for cassava-based concentrate than corn-based concentrate averaging (4.4 and 4.2, respectively). Likewise, income over feed, as estimated from 3.5% FCM, was higher on cassava-based concentrate than corn-based concentrate averaging (54.0 and 51.4 US$/mo, respectively). These results indicate that feeding diets containing either cassava-based diets and/or a higher of concentrates up to 75% of DM with NPN (supplied by urea up to 4.5% of DM) can be used in dairy rations without altering rumen ecology or animal performance compared with corn-based concentrate.

Section: Milk Production and Compositionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Effect On Feed Intakementioning

confidence: 95%

Effect of Synchronizing Starch Sources and Protein (NPN) in the Rumen on Feed Intake, Rumen Microbial Fermentation, Nutrient Utilization and Performance of Lactating Dairy Cows

Chanjula¹,

Wanapat²,

Wachirapakorn³

et al. 2004

“…These data support earlier work (Tuen, 1992) in which it was reported that inclusion of rasped sago pith in diets resulted in satisfactory animal performance and no negative effects on animal health in goats and lambs . The DMI results presented from our indigenous cattle trial (Table 2) were similar to those of Chanjula et al (2007), who replaced corn with cassava chip in diets for goats and dairy cattle (Sommart et al, 2000;Kanjanapruthipong et al, 2001). Cassava chip is considered a good source of soluble carbohydrate.…”

Section: Effect On Feed Intake and Apparent Digestibilitysupporting

confidence: 67%

Effects of Sago Palm Pith as Replacement for Corn Grain on Intake, Rumen Fermentation Characteristics and Microbial N Supply of Cattle Fed Paspalum plicatulum Hay

Chanjula¹,

Ngampongsai²

2009

To investigate the effects of sago palm pith (SPP) substitution of corn in the diets on intake, digestibility, rumen fermentation characteristics, nitrogen balance and microbial N Supply, five ruminally fistulated Southern indigenous cattle (mean initial BW = 226±5 kg) were randomly assigned to a 5×5 Latin Square Design to receive five diets, T 1 = concentrate with 0% SPP, T 2 = 25% SPP, T 3 = 50% SPP, T 4 = 75% SPP and T 5 = 100% SPP, of dietary dry matter, respectively. Plicatulum hay (PH) was offered ad libitum as the roughage. A metabolism trial lasted for 21 days during which liveweight changes and feed intakes were measured. Based on this experiment, there were no significant differences (p>0.05) among treatments groups regarding total DM intake (OMI, NDFI and ADFI) and digestion coefficients of nutrients (DM, OM, CP, NDF and ADF), while total DM intake (% BW) was significantly (p<0.05) higher as higher levels of SPP were incorporated into diets. Rumen parameters (ruminal temperature, pH, glucose, packed cell volume, volatile fatty acid and rumen microorganism populations) were similar among treatments (p>0.05), whereas NH 3 -N, blood urea nitrogen and molar proportion of propionate concentrations were significantly (p<0.05) higher as higher levels of SPP were incorporated into diets. The amount of N absorption, N retention and microbial protein synthesis were similar among treatments. These results indicate that SPP can be included in diets for Southern indigenous cattle to supply up to 100% of supplemental corn when fed with PH without negative impact on animal performance and it was a good approach in exploiting the use of local feed resources for beef cattle production.

“…These data support earlier works (Zinn and DePeters, 1991;Sommart et al, 2000) in which it was reported that inclusion of cassava in diets resulted in satisfactory animal performance and no negative effects on animal health in finishing beef cattle and in lactating dairy cows. Other studies (Brigstocke et al, 1981;Lebzien and Engling, 1995) reported a comparison of cassava with corn, barley, sugar and wheat as sources of starch in non-lactating dairy cow diets, while Kanjanapruthipong et al (2001) also found no difference in DMI, ruminal pH and total VFA concentration in rumen fluid between varying levels of cassava in dairy cow diets. However, when compared among groups of cassava inclusion, goats fed 25% CC had greater (p<0.05) concentrate intake compared with 100% CC.…”

Section: Effect On Feed Intake and Apparent Digestibilitymentioning

confidence: 92%

Effects of Replacing Ground Corn with Cassava Chip in Concentrate on Feed Intake, Nutrient Utilization, Rumen Fermentation Characteristics and Microbial Populations in Goats

Chanjula¹,

Ngampongsai²,

Wanapat³

2007

Ten male crossbred (Thai Native×Anglo Nubian) goats with average live weight of 27±2 kg were randomly assigned according to a 5×5 replicated Latin square design to receive five diets, T 1 = concentrate with 0% cassava chip (CC), T 2 = 25% CC, T 3 = 50% CC, T 4 = 75% CC and T 5 = 100% CC. Fresh elephant grass (FEG) was offered ad libitum as the roughage. A metabolism trial lasted for 21 days during which liveweight changes and feed intakes were measured. Based on this experiment, there were no significant differences (p>0.05) among treatment groups regarding DM intake and digestion coefficients of nutrients (DM, OM, NDF and ADF), except for T 5 (100% CC) which was lowest (p<0.05) in digestion coefficient of CP than T 1 and T 3 . Rumen parameters (ruminal pH, NH 3 -N and volatile fatty acids), blood urea nitrogen, blood glucose and packed cell volume were similar among treatments. Moreover, rumen microorganism populations were not affected (p>0.05) by cassava inclusion. The amount of N absorption and retention were similar among treatments, except for T 5 which tended to be slightly lower. Based on this experiment, it could be concluded that the optimal level of cassava inclusion to replace corn in goat diets was in the range of 25-75% of CC when fed with FEG and it was a good approach in exploiting the use of local feed resources for goat production.