Cast iron street furniture: A historical review

Soffritti, Chiara; Calzolari, Laura; Chicca, Milvia; Neri, R. Bassi; Neri, Alessandra; Bazzocchi, L.; Garagnani, Gian Luca

doi:10.1016/j.endeavour.2020.100721

Cited by 9 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Only from the end of XIX century onwards, Italy developed an autochthonous cast iron production. [6] V. CONCLUSIONS…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Before it could be used by the blacksmiths, the pigs were placed into a furnace called a ''finery'' to oxidize carbon and other impurities; the products were then forged into long rods. [6] Starting from the XVII century some resourceful British ironmasters attempted to improve the smelting procedure of cast iron alloys. In 1619, Jan Andries Moerbeck fueled the blast furnace by fluxes as limestone and iron ores (for example, hematite).…”

Section: Metallurgical Background Of the Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The production technique and the importance of preservation of cultural heritage related to cast iron street furniture were also discussed. [6] In another study, the authors determined the state of conservation of three artifacts of historical cast iron street furniture by scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) and l-Raman spectroscopies, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). [7] In a previous study on this topic, the authors evaluated the protectiveness of ancient paints on historical street lamps made of cast iron alloys by X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and SEM/ EDS, DRIFT, and EIS techniques.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Metallurgical and Statistical Approaches to the Study of Cast Iron Street Furniture

Soffritti

Calzolari

Pepi

et al. 2021

Metall Mater Trans A

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The evolution of microstructure in relation to dating and nationality of origin was investigated in twenty-four cast iron objects of street furniture produced between XIX and XX centuries in United Kingdom, France, and Italy. Chemical composition of the metalworks was evaluated by glow-discharge optical emission spectrometry. Fragments from the cast irons were analyzed by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy. Form, distribution, and size of graphite were evaluated in the microstructure according to standard EN ISO 945-1:2008. An image analysis software was employed to quantify the area fraction of graphite in the matrix, major axis, and shape factor of graphite lamellae, area fraction of manganese sulfides (ψS), area fraction of steadite, and number of eutectic cells per area unit. All data were grouped and linear discrimination analysis (LDA) was applied to assess the group assignment and the probability of correct classification for each metalwork. The results showed that the microstructural features were compatible with those of cast irons produced in the XIX and XX centuries. Values of ψS also suggested re-melting of cast irons, associated with recycling of cast iron and/or steel scraps. The high values of steadite found in the metalworks are probably due to the excellent castability required for complex shape castings in these centuries. The LDA multivariate analysis allowed to discriminate cast irons based on the year of manufacturing and the nationality of origin.

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“…Only from the end of XIX century onwards, Italy developed an autochthonous cast iron production. [6] V. CONCLUSIONS…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Metallurgical Background Of the Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Metallurgical and Statistical Approaches to the Study of Cast Iron Street Furniture

Soffritti

Calzolari

Pepi

et al. 2021

Metall Mater Trans A

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“…The terminology "urban furniture" or "street furniture" emerged in the 20th century in Europe and North America, which was put forward to describe a collection of objects set up along roads, involving traffic barriers, streetlights, trash bins, bus stations, signs and post boxes, and so on [1,2]. In the early urbanization process, these objects were built to satisfy the urban populations' fundamental requirements in public areas [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With the expansion of cities, urban furniture became an indispensable part of modern society and it affects most of our daily activities, being involved in accommodation, recreation, transportation, and communication [4]. People have increasing demands of urban furniture, not only for basic functions but also advanced aspects, such as safety, hygiene, comfort and entertainment, which can improve the quality of ordinary life [1,[5][6][7]. However, people gain new expectations of these urban facilities under emergent circumstances, for example, a pandemic.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developing Pandemic Prevention and Control by ANP-QFD Approach: A Case Study on Urban Furniture Design in China Communities

Liu

Kamarudin

Liu

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Background: An infectious disease can affect human beings at an alarming speed in modern society, where Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has led to a worldwide pandemic, posing grave threats to public security and the social economies. However, as one of the closest attachments of urban dwellers, urban furniture hardly contributes to pandemic prevention and control. Methods: Given this critical challenge, this article aims to propose a feasible solution to coping with pandemic situations through urban furniture design, using an integrated method of Quality Function Deployment (QFD) and Analytic Network Process (ANP). Eight communities in China are selected as the research sites, since people working and living in these places have successful experience preventing and containing pandemics. Results: Three user requirements (URs), namely, usability and easy access, sanitation, and health and emotional pleasure, are determined. Meanwhile, seven design requirements (DRs) are identified, including contact reduction, effective disinfection, good appearance, social and cultural symbols, ergonomics, smart system and technology and sustainability. The overall priorities of URs and DRs and their inner dependencies are subsequently determined through the ANP-QFD method, comprising the House of Quality (HQQ). According to the theoretical results, we propose five design strategies for pandemic prevention and control. Conclusion: It is demonstrated that the incorporated method of ANP-QFD has applicability and effectiveness in the conceptual product design process. This article can also provide a new perspective for pandemic prevention and control in densely populated communities in terms of product design and development.

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Isis Current Bibliography of the History of Science and Its Cultural Influences 2021

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Cast iron street furniture: A historical review

Cited by 9 publications

References 9 publications

Metallurgical and Statistical Approaches to the Study of Cast Iron Street Furniture

Metallurgical and Statistical Approaches to the Study of Cast Iron Street Furniture

Developing Pandemic Prevention and Control by ANP-QFD Approach: A Case Study on Urban Furniture Design in China Communities

Isis Current Bibliography of the History of Science and Its Cultural Influences 2021

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