Caste, Class, and Urbanization: The Shaping of Religious Community in Contemporary India

Abstract

Building on the implications of qualitative work from India and urbanism theories, I aim to understand whether religious bonding social capital in contemporary India increases with greater urbanization and whether such increases are moderated by caste or social class position. Results from multinomial logistic regression on 1,417 Hindu respondents in a nationally representative sample of India (World Values Survey-India 2001) indicate that religious bonding is fostered by urbanism and that this association is stronger for upper castes. But there is little evidence that social class similarly moderates the association between urbanism and religious bonding. In light of these findings, religious bonding might be better understood as rooted in the interaction of caste dynamics and changes in the urban environment, rather than as a result of greater affluence. The data are also consistent with work underscoring the importance of disentangling social class and caste among Hindus in contemporary India.

Education and religion: Individual, congregational, and cross-level interaction effects on biblical literalism

“…Because of this tendency, the analyses include a measure of whether or not a child lives in the home (yes = 1). I control for income (less than $10,000-$100,000 or more); Norris and Inglehart (2004) argue that material security diminishes attachment to religious beliefs (but see Stroope, 2011). Following the idea that the maintenance of religious belief depends on social integration in the fellowship of believers (Berger, 1967;Lofland and Stark, 1965), I also include measures for frequency of worship service attendance (1-7), longevity of attendance at the congregation (1-8), and congregational friends (1-4).…”

Study of business model canvas of temple economy: Local temple brand-economic development model

“…Historical evidence states that temples have suffered a lot due to religious synthesis, economic debacle and social imbalances (Leonard, K., 2011) [17] . Expanding on the ramifications of subjective work from India and urbanism speculations (Stroope, S., 2012) [18] . The policy works on highlighting the significance of unraveling social class and standing among Hindus in contemporary India.…”

Studying Religiosity and Spirituality: A Review of Macro, Micro, and Meso-Level Approaches

“…The remaining 28 publications are journal articles in: Religions (8), Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion (7), Journal of Business Research (1), Social Indicatory Research (1), Socius (1), Transnational Social Review (1), Asian Journal of Social Science (1), Asia Pacific Viewpoint (1), Asian Journal of Tourism Research (1), Education about Asia (1), Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs (1), Journeys (1), Modern Asian Studies (1), Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe (1), and South East Asia Research (1). Combined, the meso-level studies in Asia included these countries: India (11), Thailand (5), Turkey (3), South Korea (3), China (3), Taiwan (2), Hong Kong (2), Indonesia (2), Russia (2), Syria (2), Cambodia (1), Israel (1), Kazakhstan (1), North Korea (1), Kyrgyzstan (1), Macedonia (1), Philippines (1), Singapore (1), and Ukraine (1): (Bornstein 2012;Bruntz and Schnedeck 2020;Ecklund et al 2019;Hann and Goltz 2010;Lewis 2014;Schedneck 2015Schedneck , 2017aSchedneck , 2017bSchedneck , 2018Schedneck , 2019Hamid 2013;Bromley 2011;Clarke 2013;Wong and Tien 2014;Cadge et al 2011;Huang 2016;Kurien 2014;Lawson and Cragun 2012;Lussier 2019;Schnabel et al 2018;Schnable 2016;Iyer et al 2014;Shahzad and Lee 2016;Yoder 2020;Aarfreedi 2019;Chadwin 2020;Dutta 2019;Hong 2018;Kim and Bang 2019;Reinke 2018;Robinson 2019;Yang 2018;Stroope 2012;Ecklund et al 2016;Noor 2010;…”