Castor (Ricinus communis L.)

McKeon, Thomas A.

doi:10.1016/b978-1-893997-98-1.00004-x

Cited by 27 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 176 publications

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“…The hydroxyl group (–OH) provides unique properties to ricinoleic acid and makes this unusual fatty acid an attractive feedstock for the production of high-performance lubricants, cosmetics, polymers, surfactants, and coatings. Currently, the major commercial source of hydroxy fatty acid is castor ( Ricinus communis ) seed oil, which contains approximately 90% (w/w) of its fatty acids as ricinoleic acid (for a review, see [2]). However, castor is not allowed to culture for large-scale agricultural production in many countries due to the presence of the toxin ricin and allergenic 2S albumins in seeds [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of genes associated with ricinoleic acid accumulation in Hiptage benghalensis via transcriptome analysis

Tian

et al. 2019

Biotechnol Biofuels

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BackgroundRicinoleic acid is a high-value hydroxy fatty acid with broad industrial applications. Hiptage benghalensis seed oil contains a high amount of ricinoleic acid (~ 80%) and represents an emerging source of this unusual fatty acid. However, the mechanism of ricinoleic acid accumulation in H. benghalensis is yet to be explored at the molecular level, which hampers the exploration of its potential in ricinoleic acid production.ResultsTo explore the molecular mechanism of ricinoleic acid biosynthesis and regulation, H. benghalensis seeds were harvested at five developing stages (13, 16, 19, 22, and 25 days after pollination) for lipid analysis. The results revealed that the rapid accumulation of ricinoleic acid occurred at the early–mid-seed development stages (16–22 days after pollination). Subsequently, the gene transcription profiles of the developing seeds were characterized via a comprehensive transcriptome analysis with second-generation sequencing and single-molecule real-time sequencing. Differential expression patterns were identified in 12,555 transcripts, including 71 enzymes in lipid metabolic pathways, 246 putative transcription factors (TFs) and 124 long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). Twelve genes involved in diverse lipid metabolism pathways, including fatty acid biosynthesis and modification (hydroxylation), lipid traffic, triacylglycerol assembly, acyl editing and oil-body formation, displayed high expression levels and consistent expression patterns with ricinoleic acid accumulation in the developing seeds, suggesting their primary roles in ricinoleic acid production. Subsequent co-expression network analysis identified 57 TFs and 35 lncRNAs, which are putatively involved in the regulation of ricinoleic acid biosynthesis. The transcriptome data were further validated by analyzing the expression profiles of key enzyme-encoding genes, TFs and lncRNAs with quantitative real-time PCR. Finally, a network of genes associated with ricinoleic acid accumulation in H. benghalensis was established.ConclusionsThis study was the first step toward the understating of the molecular mechanisms of ricinoleic acid biosynthesis and oil accumulation in H. benghalensis seeds and identified a pool of novel genes regulating ricinoleic acid accumulation. The results set a foundation for developing H. benghalensis into a novel ricinoleic acid feedstock at the transcriptomic level and provided valuable candidate genes for improving ricinoleic acid production in other plants.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s13068-019-1358-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of genes associated with ricinoleic acid accumulation in Hiptage benghalensis via transcriptome analysis

Tian

et al. 2019

Biotechnol Biofuels

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“…Castor bean accumulates approximately 60% of oil mainly in the form of triacylglycerol (TAG), with up to 90% ricinoleic acid (RA, 12-hydroxyoctadeca-9-enoic acid) (da Silva Ramos et al, 1984). The hydroxyl group (-OH) provides unique properties to RA and makes this special fatty acid an attractive feedstock for the production of high-performance lubricants, cosmetics, polymers, surfactants, and coatings (Caupin, 1997;McKeon, 2016). However, castor is not commercially cultivated in many countries due to the presence of toxic ricin and allergenic 2S albumins in seeds (Severino et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of a PLDζ2 Homology Gene from Developing Castor Bean Endosperm

Tian

Sun

Jayawardana

et al. 2020

Lipids

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Castor oil contains approximately 90% ricinoleic acid (RA) which is stored mainly in the form of tri-ricinoleic acid containing triacylglycerols (TAG). Ricinoleate is synthesized from oleate (18:1n-9) esterified to the sn-2 position of phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) catalyzed by oleoyl-12-hydroxylase. PtdCho-derived diacylglycerol (DAG) is an important substrate pool for TAG synthesis, and the interconversion between PtdCho and DAG has been shown to play a critical role in channeling hydroxy fatty acids (HFA) to TAG. Although phospholipase D (PLD) has been reported to catalyze the hydrolysis of PtdCho to produce phosphatidic acid which can then be converted to DAG, its potential functions in the channeling of RA from PtdCho to DAG and the assembly of RA on TAG is largely unknown. In the present study, 11 PLD genes were identified from the Castor Bean Genome Database. Gene expression analysis indicated that RcPLD9 is expressed at relatively high levels in developing seeds compared to other plant tissues. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses revealed that RcPLD9 is a homolog of Arabidopsis PLDζ2. Overexpression of RcPLD9 in the Arabidopsis CL7 line producing C18-HFA resulted in RA content reductions in the polar lipid fraction (mainly PtdCho) and mono-HFA-TAG, but increased RA content in di-HFA-TAG. Since part of RA in di-HFA-TAG is derived from HFA-DAG, the results indicated that RcPLD9 facilitates the channeling of RA from PtdCho to DAG for its assembly on TAG in developing seeds.

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“…Indeed, various species have been examined as potential sources of vegetable oils and/or fatty acids, which can be used for food, feed, biofuel, and industrial purposes. For instance, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) produced in certain microalgae has important nutraceutical applications, while ricinoleic acid found in castor (Ricinus communis) seeds is used as a feedstock for the production of high-performance polymers, coatings, varnishes, lubricants, cosmetics, and surfactants (Dyer et al, 2008;McKeon, 2016;Mutlu and Meier, 2010). The formation of different TAG species is largely controlled by the substrate specificity of the acyltransferases that sequentially transfer fatty acyl chains to the sn-1, 2, and 3 positions of a glycerol backbone (Xu et al, 2018a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Fluorescence‐Based Assay for Quantitative Analysis of Phospholipid:Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase Activity

Falarz

Singer

et al. 2019

Lipids

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Phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (PDAT) catalyzes the acyl‐CoA‐independent triacylglycerol (TAG) biosynthesis in plants and oleaginous microorganisms and thus is a key target in lipid research. The conventional in vitro PDAT activity assay involves the use of radiolabeled substrates, which, however, are expensive and demand strict regulation. In this study, a reliable fluorescence‐based method using nitrobenzoxadiazole‐labeled diacylglycerol (NBD‐DAG) as an alternative substrate was established and subsequently used to characterize the enzyme activity and kinetics of a recombinant Arabidopsis thaliana PDAT1 (AtPDAT1). We also demonstrate that the highly toxic benzene used in typical PDAT assays can be substituted with diethyl ether without affecting the formation rate of NBD‐TAG. Overall, this method works well with a broad range of PDAT protein content and shows linear correlation with the conventional method with radiolabeled substrates, and thus may be applicable to PDAT from various plant and microorganism species.

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Castor (Ricinus communis L.)

Cited by 27 publications

References 176 publications

Identification of genes associated with ricinoleic acid accumulation in Hiptage benghalensis via transcriptome analysis

Identification of genes associated with ricinoleic acid accumulation in Hiptage benghalensis via transcriptome analysis

Characterization of a PLDζ2 Homology Gene from Developing Castor Bean Endosperm

A Fluorescence‐Based Assay for Quantitative Analysis of Phospholipid:Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase Activity

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