Catabolism of 2-keto-3-deoxy-galactonate and the production of its enantiomers

Abstract

2-Keto-3-deoxy-galactonate (KDGal) serves as a pivotal metabolic intermediate within both the fungal d-galacturonate pathway, which is integral to pectin catabolism, and the bacterial DeLey-Doudoroff pathway for d-galactose catabolism. The presence of KDGal enantiomers, l-KDGal and d-KDGal, varies across these pathways. Fungal pathways generate l-KDGal through the reduction and dehydration of d-galacturonate, whereas bacterial pathways produce d-KDGal through the oxidation and dehydration of d-galactose. Two distinct catabolic routes further metabolize KDGal: a nonphosphorolytic pathway that employs aldolase and a phosphorolytic pathway involving kinase and aldolase. Recent findings have revealed that l-KDGal, identified in the bacterial catabolism of 3,6-anhydro-l-galactose, a major component of red seaweeds, is also catabolized by Escherichia coli, which is traditionally known to be catabolized by specific fungal species, such as Trichoderma reesei. Furthermore, the potential industrial applications of KDGal and its derivatives, such as pyruvate and d- and l-glyceraldehyde, are underscored by their significant biological functions. This review comprehensively outlines the catabolism of l-KDGal and d-KDGal across different biological systems, highlights stereospecific methods for discriminating between enantiomers, and explores industrial application prospects for producing KDGal enantiomers. Key points • KDGal is a metabolic intermediate in fungal and bacterial pathways • Stereospecific enzymes can be used to identify the enantiomeric nature of KDGal • KDGal can be used to induce pectin catabolism or produce functional materials