Catalysis with soluble complexes in gas-liquid-liquid systems

Synthesis of cyclic carbonates from carbon dioxide and epoxides using alkali metal halide supported liquid phase catalyst

“…However in this case high-pressure up to 4.5 MPa is required. Heterogenization of homogeneous catalysts often needs to enhance reaction conditions is well known fact and reported elsewhere for several other reaction systems [32]. In the present work homogeneous NaBr or alkali halide catalyst heterogenized for the conversion of CO 2 and epoxide to corresponding cyclic carbonates.…”

Hydrogenation of α,β-Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds Using Recyclable Water-Soluble FeII/EDTA Complex Catalyst

“…Since the reactants are liquid and immiscible in the aqueous phase, they form small droplets suspended in a continuous aqueous catalyst phase. This is also a typical example of biphasic catalysis wherein the catalyst phase acts as a continuous phase and the reactants form another phase in the form of suspended droplets [32]. Due to the elimination of the organic solvent phase, an increased concentration of reactants can be achieved leading to a higher reaction rate [33].…”

Heck reactions with various types of palladium complex catalysts: application of multiphase catalysis and supercritical carbon dioxide

“…In such cases, the catalyst may be called supported liquid phase catalyst (SLPC). Another advantage of SAPC is that SAPC has a high liquid Á/liquid interfacial area arisen from the high surface area of the support, since, in the biphasic system, overall reaction rate is sometimes limited by its low liquidÁ/liquid interfacial area and it is difficult to increase this area by mechanical agitation [18]. The concept of SAPC is well proven in the case of hydroformylation reaction [16,17].…”