Catalyst Assembly Technology in FCC

O’Connor, Paul; Imhof, P.; Yanik, Serhat

doi:10.1016/s0167-2991(01)82329-6

Cited by 15 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 4 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…[86,87] At Akzo Nobel it has been demonstrated that zeolite Y catalysts displaying a high initial accessibility are less subject to deactivation with time on stream. [84,85,89] In order to increase the initial accessibility, the presence of mesopores is one of the important requirements. The concept of increasing the accessibility of the FCC catalyst and the influence on its catalytic performance has recently been demonstrated by Hakuli et al, [89] who developed a proprietary method to measure accessibility, and is displayed in Fig.…”

Section: A the Beneficial Role Of Mesopores In Zeolite Y Catalysts Fmentioning

confidence: 99%

Generation, Characterization, and Impact of Mesopores in Zeolite Catalysts

et al. 2003

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Amongst the current developments in the field of hierarchical pore structures, the creation of mesopores in zeolite crystals is the most frequently employed way to combine micropores with mesopores in one material. In this review an overview is presented of the different approaches to generate and characterize mesopores in zeolite crystals and establish their impact on the catalytic action. Mesopores can be created via several routes from which steaming and acid leaching are the most frequently applied. Novel approaches using secondary carbon templates that are removed after synthesis have recently been launched. For the characterization of mesopores, nitrogen physisorption and electron microscopy are commonly used. More recently, it was shown that electron tomography, a form of three-dimensional transmission electron microscopy, is able to reveal the three-dimensional shape, size, and connectivity of the mesopores. The effect of the presence of mesopores for catalysis is demonstrated for several industrially applied processes that make use of zeolite catalysts: the cracking of heavy oil fractions over zeolite Y, the production of cumene and hydroisomerization of alkanes over mordenite, and synthesis of fine chemicals over Y, ZSM-5, and Beta. For these processes, the mesopores ensure an optimal accessibility and transport of reactants and products, while the zeolite micropores induce the preferred shapeselective properties.

show abstract

Section: A the Beneficial Role Of Mesopores In Zeolite Y Catalysts Fmentioning

confidence: 99%

Generation, Characterization, and Impact of Mesopores in Zeolite Catalysts

et al. 2003

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The “skin” around FCC2 provides a strong attrition resistance, but at the expense of the transport ability into the particles. 36 A reduction in the transport ability is suggested by the pore accessibility index, as given in Table 1 , which is a relative measure of the initial penetration rate of large nonreactant organic molecules into the FCC particle pore space. 37 In addition, as evidenced in Table 1 , the catalytic cracking conversion efficiency is distinctly lower for FCC2 than for FCC1.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The main properties of both catalyst materials are summarized in Table , while further details on these materials can be found in previous articles from our group. , Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images reveal two distinct appearances (Figure ), corresponding to different manufacturing processes. The “skin” around FCC2 provides a strong attrition resistance, but at the expense of the transport ability into the particles . A reduction in the transport ability is suggested by the pore accessibility index, as given in Table , which is a relative measure of the initial penetration rate of large nonreactant organic molecules into the FCC particle pore space .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

FIB-SEM Tomography Probes the Mesoscale Pore Space of an Individual Catalytic Cracking Particle

2016

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The overall performance of a catalyst particle strongly depends on the ability of mass transport through its pore space. Characterizing the three-dimensional structure of the macro- and mesopore space of a catalyst particle and establishing a correlation with transport efficiency is an essential step toward designing highly effective catalyst particles. In this work, a generally applicable workflow is presented to characterize the transport efficiency of individual catalyst particles. The developed workflow involves a multiscale characterization approach making use of a focused ion beam-scanning electron microscope (FIB-SEM). SEM imaging is performed on cross sections of 10.000 μm2, visualizing a set of catalyst particles, while FIB-SEM tomography visualized the pore space of a large number of 8 μm3 cubes (subvolumes) of individual catalyst particles. Geometrical parameters (porosity, pore connectivity, and heterogeneity) of the material were used to generate large numbers of virtual 3D volumes resembling the sample’s pore space characteristics, while being suitable for computationally demanding transport simulations. The transport ability, defined as the ratio of unhindered flow over hindered flow, is then determined via transport simulations through the virtual volumes. The simulation results are used as input for an upscaling routine based on an analogy with electrical networks, taking into account the spatial heterogeneity of the pore space over greater length scales. This novel approach is demonstrated for two distinct types of industrially manufactured fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) particles with zeolite Y as the active cracking component. Differences in physicochemical and catalytic properties were found to relate to differences in heterogeneities in the spatial porosity distribution. In addition to the characterization of existing FCC particles, our method of correlating pore space with transport efficiency does also allow for an up-front evaluation of the transport efficiency of new designs of FCC catalyst particles.

show abstract

“…Fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) units are essential for converting heavy fractions into light components. Accordingly, they have been subjected to considerable innovations in the design of the feed injection, reaction-regeneration sections, – and the catalyst. – The progress made in the simulation, control, and optimization of the unit is also significant. , …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Atmospheric Residue Incorporation in the Fluidized Catalytic Cracking (FCC) Feed on Product Stream Yields and Composition

et al. 2008

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A study has been carried out on the cracking of a mixture of atmospheric residue (20 wt %) and VGO (vacuum gas-oil) from a refinery, in a riser simulator reactor under industrial unit conditions in the 525-575 °C range, with contact times between 3 and 12 s and using a commercial catalyst for residues. The yields and compositions of the product streams (dry gas, LPG, gasoline, LCO, HCO, and coke) have been compared to those corresponding to a standard feed in a fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) unit. Catalyst accessibility renders it efficient for maintaining conversion, although overcracking of LCO and gasoline is significant above 550 °C, whereas the cracking of the HCO fraction in the residue is significantly limited. The temperature and contact time (especially the former) have a considerable effect on the gasoline composition, because of the significance of overcracking under process conditions. As the temperature is increased, the olefin concentration increases and that of the other fractions in the gasoline decreases, particularly in the case of C 6 -C 9 aromatics.

show abstract

Catalyst Assembly Technology in FCC

Cited by 15 publications

References 4 publications

Generation, Characterization, and Impact of Mesopores in Zeolite Catalysts

Generation, Characterization, and Impact of Mesopores in Zeolite Catalysts

FIB-SEM Tomography Probes the Mesoscale Pore Space of an Individual Catalytic Cracking Particle

Effect of Atmospheric Residue Incorporation in the Fluidized Catalytic Cracking (FCC) Feed on Product Stream Yields and Composition

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About