Catalyst Assembly Technology in FCC

Kuehler, Chris; Jonker, R.J.; Imhof, P.; Yanik, Serhat; O’Connor, Paul

doi:10.1016/s0167-2991(01)82330-2

Cited by 12 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Each of these classes of pores has a defined role in the entire catalytic process. According to this scheme, the transformation of heavy molecules to valuable products (gas-oil and gasoline) occurs in the meso-and micropores [10,56,59,62,63,66,73,78,79,87,88,90,97].…”

Section: Catalyst Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

Maximizing propylene production via FCC technology

2015

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This review looks at the main processes available for the production of light olefins with a focus on maximizing the production of propylene. Maximization of propylene production has become the focus of most refineries because it is in high demand and there is a supply shortage from modern steam crackers, which now produce relatively less propylene. The flexibility of the fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) to various reaction conditions makes it possible as one of the means to close the gap between supply and demand. The appropriate modification of the FCC process is accomplished by the synergistic integration of the catalyst, temperature, reaction-residence time, coke make, and hydrocarbon partial pressure. The main constraints for maximum propylene yield are based on having a suitable catalyst, suitable reactor configuration and reaction conditions.

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Section: Catalyst Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

Maximizing propylene production via FCC technology

2015

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“…[86,87] At Akzo Nobel it has been demonstrated that zeolite Y catalysts displaying a high initial accessibility are less subject to deactivation with time on stream. [84,85,89] In order to increase the initial accessibility, the presence of mesopores is one of the important requirements. The concept of increasing the accessibility of the FCC catalyst and the influence on its catalytic performance has recently been demonstrated by Hakuli et al, [89] who developed a proprietary method to measure accessibility, and is displayed in Fig.…”

Section: A the Beneficial Role Of Mesopores In Zeolite Y Catalysts Fmentioning

confidence: 99%

Generation, Characterization, and Impact of Mesopores in Zeolite Catalysts

et al. 2003

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Amongst the current developments in the field of hierarchical pore structures, the creation of mesopores in zeolite crystals is the most frequently employed way to combine micropores with mesopores in one material. In this review an overview is presented of the different approaches to generate and characterize mesopores in zeolite crystals and establish their impact on the catalytic action. Mesopores can be created via several routes from which steaming and acid leaching are the most frequently applied. Novel approaches using secondary carbon templates that are removed after synthesis have recently been launched. For the characterization of mesopores, nitrogen physisorption and electron microscopy are commonly used. More recently, it was shown that electron tomography, a form of three-dimensional transmission electron microscopy, is able to reveal the three-dimensional shape, size, and connectivity of the mesopores. The effect of the presence of mesopores for catalysis is demonstrated for several industrially applied processes that make use of zeolite catalysts: the cracking of heavy oil fractions over zeolite Y, the production of cumene and hydroisomerization of alkanes over mordenite, and synthesis of fine chemicals over Y, ZSM-5, and Beta. For these processes, the mesopores ensure an optimal accessibility and transport of reactants and products, while the zeolite micropores induce the preferred shapeselective properties.

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“…Acidic sites within the zeolite’s crystalline framework perform the actual cracking process . The efficiency of the FCC particle is determined by the intraparticle (matrix) and intracrystalline (zeolite) transport ability, with the intraparticle transport ability qualitatively linked to the accessibility of the zeolite component. , …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

FIB-SEM Tomography Probes the Mesoscale Pore Space of an Individual Catalytic Cracking Particle

2016

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The overall performance of a catalyst particle strongly depends on the ability of mass transport through its pore space. Characterizing the three-dimensional structure of the macro- and mesopore space of a catalyst particle and establishing a correlation with transport efficiency is an essential step toward designing highly effective catalyst particles. In this work, a generally applicable workflow is presented to characterize the transport efficiency of individual catalyst particles. The developed workflow involves a multiscale characterization approach making use of a focused ion beam-scanning electron microscope (FIB-SEM). SEM imaging is performed on cross sections of 10.000 μm2, visualizing a set of catalyst particles, while FIB-SEM tomography visualized the pore space of a large number of 8 μm3 cubes (subvolumes) of individual catalyst particles. Geometrical parameters (porosity, pore connectivity, and heterogeneity) of the material were used to generate large numbers of virtual 3D volumes resembling the sample’s pore space characteristics, while being suitable for computationally demanding transport simulations. The transport ability, defined as the ratio of unhindered flow over hindered flow, is then determined via transport simulations through the virtual volumes. The simulation results are used as input for an upscaling routine based on an analogy with electrical networks, taking into account the spatial heterogeneity of the pore space over greater length scales. This novel approach is demonstrated for two distinct types of industrially manufactured fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) particles with zeolite Y as the active cracking component. Differences in physicochemical and catalytic properties were found to relate to differences in heterogeneities in the spatial porosity distribution. In addition to the characterization of existing FCC particles, our method of correlating pore space with transport efficiency does also allow for an up-front evaluation of the transport efficiency of new designs of FCC catalyst particles.

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Catalyst Assembly Technology in FCC

Cited by 12 publications

References 3 publications

Maximizing propylene production via FCC technology

Maximizing propylene production via FCC technology

Generation, Characterization, and Impact of Mesopores in Zeolite Catalysts

FIB-SEM Tomography Probes the Mesoscale Pore Space of an Individual Catalytic Cracking Particle

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