Catalysts for Hydroprocessing of Heavy Oils and Petroleum Residues

Tye, Ching Thian

doi:10.5772/intechopen.89451

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…The syngas leaves the water scrubber unit at 168 • C and is fed to the first water gas shift unit where steam reacts with CO to produce H 2 and CO 2 to fix the hydrogento-carbon monoxide ratio to an appropriate limit for the purpose of methanol synthesis. The WGS reaction occurs over a (Co-Mo) catalyst that is resistant to sulfur and oil [34]. Additional steam is added to the WGS to increase hydrogen production.…”

Section: Process Description 21 Methanol and H 2 Production From Vacu...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Conversion of Vacuum Residue from Refinery Waste to Cleaner Fuel: Technical and Economic Assessment

Khurmy,

Harbi,

Jameel

et al. 2023

Sustainability

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Environmental concerns surrounding the use of high-sulfur fuel oil (HFO), a marine fuel derived from refinery vacuum residue, motivate the exploration of alternative solutions. Burning high-sulfur fuel oil (HFO) is a major source of air pollution, acid rain, ocean acidification, and climate change. When HFO is burned, it releases sulfur dioxide (SO2) into the air, a harmful gas that can cause respiratory problems, heart disease, and cancer. SO2 emissions can also contribute to acid rain, which can damage forests and lakes. Several countries and international organizations have taken steps to reduce HFO emissions from ships. For example, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has implemented a global sulfur cap for marine fuels, which limits the sulfur content of fuel to 0.5% by mass. In addition, there is a worldwide effort to encourage the use of low-carbon gases to help reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. There are several alternative fuels that can be used in ships instead of HFO, such as liquefied natural gas (LNG), methanol, and hydrogen. These fuels are cleaner and more environmentally friendly than HFO. The aim of this study is to develop a process integration framework to co-produce methanol and hydrogen from vacuum residue while minimizing the sulfur and carbon emissions. Two process models have been developed in this study to produce methanol and hydrogen from vacuum residue. In case 1, vacuum residue is gasified using oxygen—steam and the syngas leaving the gasifier is processed to produce both methanol and hydrogen. Case 2 shares the same process model as case 1 except it is concentrated on mainly methanol production from vacuum residue. Both models are techno-economically compared in terms of methanol and H2 production rates, specific energy requirements, carbon conversion, CO2 specific emissions, overall process efficiencies, and project feasibility while considering the fluctuation of vacuum residue feed price from 0.022 $/kg to 0.11 $/kg. The comparative analysis showed that case 2 offers an 86.01% lower specific energy requirement (GJ) for each kilogram (kg) of fuel produced. The CO2 specific emission also decreased in case 2 by 69.76% compared to case 1. In addition, the calculated total net fuel production cost is 0.453 $/kg and 0.223 $/kg at 0.066 $/kg for case 1 and 2, respectively. Overall, case 2 exhibits better project feasibility compared to case 1 with higher process performance and lower production costs.

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Section: Process Description 21 Methanol and H 2 Production From Vacu...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Conversion of Vacuum Residue from Refinery Waste to Cleaner Fuel: Technical and Economic Assessment

Khurmy,

Harbi,

Jameel

et al. 2023

Sustainability

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“…Delayed coking, flexi-coking, visbreaking, and Eureka are examples of industrial processes that use thermal cracking in residue conversion. − By contrast, the hydrogen addition approach requires the heavy oil to react with hydrogen from an external source in the presence of catalysts, resulting in an overall increase in the H/C ratio . The most common heavy oil processes that fall under the hydrogen addition route are residue fluidized catalytic cracking (RFCC) and the atmospheric residue desulfurization (ARDS). − During the past decades, thermal cracking processes were more commonly employed in residue conversion than hydrogen addition processes due to their insensitivity to feedstock quality and low operating cost stemming from the absence of catalysts, hydrogen, and high operating pressure. However, the inferior quality of distillates from the thermal treating processes and the recently imposed environmental legislations have diverted more attention toward the hydrogen addition processes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of Mild Hydrocracking Catalysts for Residue Conversion

AlHumaidan,

Bouresli,

AlSheeha

et al. 2023

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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The objective of this research is to develop catalysts for residue hydrocracking that can enhance the yield of the middle distillates. The support compositions were tailored to achieve optimal textural properties and the desired acidic function, and the catalyst hydrogenation function (i.e., the active metal, promoter, and their composition) was chosen to attain the required hydrotreating activity. The supports were synthesized by incorporating amorphous and crystalline SiO 2 in porous Al 2 O 3 . The catalysts, on the other hand, were prepared by coimpregnating the support extrudates with Mo and Ni. This study revealed that support textural properties are crucial for the diffusion and conversion of complex hydrocarbon molecules. The results also indicated that a balance between acidic and hydrogenation functions is essential for governing the conversion rate, product selectivity, and catalyst stability. The pore-size distribution of the composite support materials was designed to form a bimodal type of pore structure (10−20 and 200−100 nm) to allow complex molecules (i.e., asphaltene and resin) to diffuse into the pores and reach the inner catalytic and acidic sites, which are responsible for hydrogenation and hydrocracking activities, respectively. The texture, acidity, and reduction properties of the catalysts were measured by using different characterization techniques. Temperature-programmed reduction results indicated that the interactions between the active metals and supports differed with the support type and composition. The catalytic performances of the prototype catalysts were evaluated using a multiple microreactor fixed-bed unit that emulated the hydrotreating reactions in industrial hydroprocessing units (380−400 °C, 12 MPa, and 1 h −1 LHSV). The improved catalysts provided a middle distillate yield in the range of 20−25% and prominent hydrotreating activities under mild hydrocracking conditions.

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“…Hydroprocessing is a generic term covering various processes such as hydrotreating, hydrocracking, hydrodesulfurization, hydro-dewaxing, and hydroisomerization, which are selected depending on the severity of the treatment required to achieve the desired product. Various hydroprocessing technologies have been employed in both coal liquefaction and gas-to-liquid conversion for producing liquid hydrocarbons, producing sustainable bio-fuels and lubricant base stocks. − In addition, hydrogenation is also used in food production, e.g., margarine; specifically, hydrogen is added to unsaturated hydrocarbon molecules to solidify them and make them more spreadable and easier for shaping and packaging.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Structural and Compositional Changes of a Model Monoaromatic Hydrocarbon in a Benchtop Hydrocracker Using GC, FTIR, and NMR Spectroscopy

Puhan,

Casford,

Davies

2023

ACS Omega

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Hydrogenation is a catalytic process that has the potential to facilitate sustainable chemical production. In this work, a model monoaromatic hydrocarbon, phenyldodecane (PDD), comprising an aromatic ring with a long aliphatic side chain has been chosen as representative of a typical species involved in hydrogenation and hydrocracked at a high pressure and temperature over a platinum catalyst in a bespoke benchtop mini-reactor. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, UV–vis spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy were employed to analyze the changes that took place after hydrocracking for different time periods. By combining the results from these sensitive spectroscopic tools, it was found that along with the saturation of the aromatic ring of PDD by hydrogen addition, new molecules were formed via ring opening and catalytic cracking. For comparison purposes, the spectra of the samples post hydrogenation were compared with those of cyclohexylnonadecane (CHND), which has a saturated six-membered ring and a long aliphatic tail.

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Catalysts for Hydroprocessing of Heavy Oils and Petroleum Residues

Cited by 4 publications

References 57 publications

Conversion of Vacuum Residue from Refinery Waste to Cleaner Fuel: Technical and Economic Assessment

Conversion of Vacuum Residue from Refinery Waste to Cleaner Fuel: Technical and Economic Assessment

Synthesis of Mild Hydrocracking Catalysts for Residue Conversion

Evaluation of Structural and Compositional Changes of a Model Monoaromatic Hydrocarbon in a Benchtop Hydrocracker Using GC, FTIR, and NMR Spectroscopy

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