Catalytic activity dependence on morphological properties of acidic ion-exchange resins for the simultaneous ETBE and TAEE liquid-phase synthesis

Fité, Carles; Ramírez, Eliana; Iborra, Montserrat; Tejero, Javier

doi:10.1039/c7re00177k

Cited by 18 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…In fact, the thickness of this slice is similar to the typical distance between neighboring acid groups in actual gel acids. For example, in swollen Amberlyst-36®, whose approximate concentration of acid groups according to Equation S7 and data in [30] is 3.4 mol L À 1 , one acid group on average occupies a cube of space which is 0.79 nm wide. It should be reminded here that the theoretical model assumes that the acid groups at the gel-liquid interface are aligned on a perfectly flat smooth surface, but in practice surface irregularities are inevitable.…”

Section: Results For the Infinitely Long Cylindrical Pore Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The importance of analyzing the situation inside pores arises from the fact that high catalyst porosity and surface area are preferable for reactions with soluble substrates in order to maintain high reaction rate. Gel electrolytes are interesting because many ion exchange resins have gelular structure [30] and they are frequently used as catalysts in aqueous media; [31] gel electrolytes are also important in EDL transistors. [8]…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Unidimensional Approximation of the Diffuse Electrical Layer in the Inner Volume of Solid Electrolyte Grains in the Absence of Background Ions

Tarabanko

Тaran

2020

ChemPhysChem

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In this paper we continue working on our theory of electrical double layers resulting exclusively from dissociation of a solid electrolyte, which we previously proposed as a medium for catalytic interaction between solid cellulose and solid acid catalysts of hydrolysis. Two theoretical unidimensional models of the inner grain volume are considered: an infinitely long cylindrical pore, and a gel electrolyte near a grain outer surface. Despite the model simplicity, the predictions for the cylindrical pore case are in semi‐quantitative agreement with literature data on electroosmotic experiments, adequately explaining high proton selectivity of sulfonic membranes, and decline of such selectivity at high background acid concentration. The gel model predicts less concentrated diffuse layer in comparison to electrolytes with impenetrable skeleton (e. g., sulfonated carbons). This suggests limited suitability of gel electrolytes as catalysts if a substrate cannot diffuse into the gel bulk and the reaction is thereby spatially limited to the near‐surface region, for example if a substrate is solid like aforementioned cellulose.

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Section: Results For the Infinitely Long Cylindrical Pore Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unidimensional Approximation of the Diffuse Electrical Layer in the Inner Volume of Solid Electrolyte Grains in the Absence of Background Ions

Tarabanko

Тaran

2020

ChemPhysChem

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“…Previous studies using ion-exchange resin as the catalyst for the conversion of vegetable oil and other bulk substrates (Chakrabarti and Sharma, 1993;Tejero et al, 2016;Soto et al, 2018) show that external diffusion does not control the rate of reaction, unless the reaction system is very viscous or the agitation speed is insufficient, but poor dispersion of the catalyst can lead to a reduction in the activity (Chakrabarti and Sharma, 1993). Indeed, Amberlyst 45 is a macroreticular resin (Guilera et al, 2015) and, hence, it presents porosity independent on swelling (Ramírez et al, 2017).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For instance, dry Amberlyst 70 showed good swelling capacity when gamma-valetolactone is used as the solvent, leading to improvement in the reaction rate (Ramírez et al, 2017). As for the conversion of vegetable oil, methanol and ethanol were shown to have swelling rates similar to water in Amberlyst 15, and hence, these alcohols are expected to promote the swelling of Amberlyst 45 (Cabrera-Rodríguez et al, 2017;Soto et al, 2018).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solid Acid Resin Amberlyst 45 as a Catalyst for the Transesterification of Vegetable Oil

et al. 2020

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Commercial transesterification of vegetable oil to biodiesel using alkaline hydroxides requires expensive refined vegetable oil and anhydrous alcohols to avoid saponification. These issues are not present in the acid-catalyzed process; however, the challenge still lies in developing stable and active solid acid catalysts. Herein, Amberlyst 45, a resin for high-temperature application, was efficiently used for biodiesel production by the methanolysis or ethanolysis of vegetable oil. Yields of up to 80 and 84% were obtained for the fatty acid methyl ester and the fatty acid ethyl ester, respectively. Two processes are proposed and showed to be efficient: (i) incremental addition of alcohol along with the reaction for both methanolysis and ethanolysis; or (ii) one-pot reaction for ethanolysis using oil/ethanol molar ratio of 1/18. The catalytic system used also showed to be compatible with used oil (2.48 ± 0.03 mg NaOH g oil −1) and to the presence of water (10-20 wt. % based on the alcohol), allowing the use of waste oil and hydrated alcohol.

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“…In addition to the polar character associated with sulfonic groups, the degree of cross‐linking directly affects the swelling ability of such resins. [ 5,6 ] Sulfonated resins with rigid structures and moderate cross‐linking degrees lead to a maximization of polar effects, and when applied as catalysts, they can favor the selectivity of a desired product. [ 6 ]…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of Sulfonated Poly[Styrene‐co‐(Trimethylolpropane Triacrylate)] and Application in the Catalysis of Glycerol Acetylation

Godoy

Castro

Nápolis

et al. 2020

Macromolecular Symposia

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The purpose of this study is the synthesis of a sulfonated resin of styrene cross‐linked with trimethylolpropane triacrylate (PS‐TMPTA) and its application as a catalyst in glycerol acetylation. The process for obtaining the resins is an aqueous suspension copolymerization at 80°C followed by a sulfonation with sulfuric acid at 57.5°C. Resin characterizations are performed regarding characteristics such as ion exchange capacity and swelling index. The ion exchange capacity (IEC) found for PS‐TMPTA (4.4 mmol g−1) is lower compared to those of commercial resins, for example, Amberlyst 36 (5.4 mmol g−1). Despite the low IEC (lower number of catalytic sites), PS‐TMPTA presents a relatively high swelling index (2.4) and a higher turnover number (TON = 62.3 h−1) in comparison with the resin Amberlyst 36 (TON = 51.1 h−1) in glycerol acetylation at 80°C with excess of acetic acid.

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Catalytic activity dependence on morphological properties of acidic ion-exchange resins for the simultaneous ETBE and TAEE liquid-phase synthesis

Abstract: Resin acid capacity and specific volume of the swollen polymer are the key properties that determine its catalytic activity.

Cited by 18 publications

References 23 publications

Unidimensional Approximation of the Diffuse Electrical Layer in the Inner Volume of Solid Electrolyte Grains in the Absence of Background Ions

Unidimensional Approximation of the Diffuse Electrical Layer in the Inner Volume of Solid Electrolyte Grains in the Absence of Background Ions

Solid Acid Resin Amberlyst 45 as a Catalyst for the Transesterification of Vegetable Oil

Synthesis of Sulfonated Poly[Styrene‐co‐(Trimethylolpropane Triacrylate)] and Application in the Catalysis of Glycerol Acetylation

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