Catalytic carbonization of polypropylene by the combined catalysis of activated carbon with Ni2O3 into carbon nanotubes and its mechanism

Gong, Jiang; Liu, Jie; Dong, Wen‐Kui; Chen, Xuecheng; Wen, Xin; Mijowska, Ewa; Jiang, Zhiwei; Wang, Yanhui; Tang, Tao

doi:10.1016/j.apcata.2012.09.028

Cited by 125 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…This is also in accordance with the mechanism for production of CNTs from plastics as proposed by Gong et al, who suggested that CNTs are produced from polymerisation of aromatics compounds on the catalyst surface [29]. PS is an aromatic based polymer and would form more aromatics on the catalyst surface than the olefinic plastics.…”

Section: Effect Of Plastic Type On Carbon Depositionsupporting

confidence: 71%

“…CNT production from plastics has been demonstrated [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38], however the effect of the steam injection rate on CNT and hydrogen has not been considered. The potential to produce CNTs from the pyrolysis of plastics was demonstrated by Kukovitsky et al [27].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…CNTs can also be produced from the combustion of plastic sources. In a series of studies Gong et al [29][30][31] produced CNTs and cup stacked CNTs from a polypropylene source, and found that the amount of chlorine used in the process has a strong effect on the CNT morphology. It is suggested that the growth of CNTs from plastic sources is governed by the production of aromatic products on the catalyst surface.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Control of steam input to the pyrolysis-gasification of waste plastics for improved production of hydrogen or carbon nanotubes

Acomb

2014

Applied Catalysis B: Environmental

165

102

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Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been proven to be possible as high-value by-products of hydrogen production from gasification of waste plastics. In this work, steam content in the gasification process was investigated to increase the quality of CNTs in terms of purity.Three different plastics -low density polyethylene (LDPE), polypropylene (PP) and polystyrene (PS) were studied in a two stage pyrolysis-gasification reactor. Plastics samples were pyrolysed in nitrogen at 600°C, before the evolved gases were passed to a second stage where steam was injected and the gases were reformed at 800°C in the presence of a nickelalumina catalyst. To investigate the effect that steam plays on CNT production, steam injection rates of 0, 0.25, 1.90 and 4.74 g h -1 were employed. The CNTs produced from all three plastics were multiwalled CNTs with diameters between 10 and 20 nm and several microns in length. For all the plastic samples, raising the steam injection rate led to increased hydrogen production as steam reforming and gasification of deposited carbon increased. High quality CNTs, as observed from TEM, TPO and Raman spectroscopy, were produced by controlling the steam injection rate. The largest yield for LDPE was obtained at 0 g h -1 steam injection rate, whilst PP and PS gave their largest yields at 0.25 g h -1 . Overall the largest CNT yield was obtained for PS at 0.25 g h -1 , with a conversion rate of plastic to CNTs of 32% wt.

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Section: Effect Of Plastic Type On Carbon Depositionsupporting

confidence: 71%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Control of steam input to the pyrolysis-gasification of waste plastics for improved production of hydrogen or carbon nanotubes

Acomb

2014

Applied Catalysis B: Environmental

165

102

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“…7). The D band around wavelength of 1350 cm −1 is ascribed to amorphous or disordered carbon, while the G band at around wavelength 1580 cm −1 is caused by tangential vibration of the ordered graphite carbon atoms [53]. The G' band observed at around wavelength 2700 cm −1 is associated with the process of two-photon elastic scattering.…”

Section: Yao Et Al Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 221 (2018) mentioning

confidence: 99%

Co-production of hydrogen and carbon nanotubes from real-world waste plastics: Influence of catalyst composition and operational parameters

Yao

Zhang

Williams

et al. 2018

Applied Catalysis B: Environmental

252

134

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A B S T R A C TThe use of Ni-Fe catalysts for the catalytic pyrolysis of real-world waste plastics to produce hydrogen and high value carbon nanotubes (CNT), and the influence of catalyst composition and support materials has been investigated. Experiments were conducted in a two stage fixed bed reactor, where plastics were pyrolysed in the first stage followed by reaction of the evolved volatiles over the catalyst in the second stage. Different catalyst temperatures (700, 800, 900°C) and steam to plastic ratios (0, 0.3, 1, 2.6) were explored to optimize the product hydrogen and the yield of carbon nanotubes deposited on the catalyst. The results showed that the growth of carbon nanotubes and hydrogen were highly dependent on the catalyst type and the operational parameters. Fe/ γ-Al 2 O 3 produced the highest hydrogen yield (22.9 mmol H 2 /g plastic ) and carbon nanotubes yield (195 mg g −1 plastic ) among the monometallic catalysts, followed by Fe/α-Al 2 O 3 , Ni/γ-Al 2 O 3 and Ni/α-Al 2 O 3 . The bimetallic Ni-Fe catalyst showed higher catalytic activity in relation to H 2 yield than the monometallic Ni or Fe catalysts because of the optimum interaction between metal and support. Further investigation of the influence of steam input and catalyst temperature on product yields found that the optimum simultaneous production of CNTs (287 mg g −1 plastic ) and hydrogen production (31.8 mmol H 2 /g plastic ) were obtained at 800°C in the absence of steam and in the presence of the bimetallic Ni-Fe/γ-Al 2 O 3 catalyst.

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“…Kumar and Ando [36] reported an increase in diameters of CNTs with an increase in reaction temperature with a chemical vapour deposition process using pure hydrocarbon as feedstock. However, Gong et al [37] pointed out that the mechanism of CNTs' growth from polyalkene plastics is different from using pure hydrocarbon gas, because of complicated products, which are produced from such polymers, including gas, liquid and semi-liquid products. The authors proposed that there were synergistic reactions between light hydrocarbons and aromatic compounds.…”

Section: Carbon Production and Characterisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pyrolysis–catalysis of waste plastic using a nickel–stainless-steel mesh catalyst for high-value carbon products

Zhang

Nahil

et al. 2017

Environmental Technology

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A stainless-steel mesh loaded with nickel catalyst was produced and used for the pyrolysis-catalysis of waste high-density polyethylene with the aim of producing high-value carbon products, including carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The catalysis temperature and plastic-to-catalyst ratio were investigated to determine the influence on the formation of different types of carbon deposited on the nickel-stainless-steel mesh catalyst. Increasing temperature from 700 to 900°C resulted in an increase in the carbon deposited on the nickel-loaded stainless-steel mesh catalyst from 32.5 to 38.0 wt%. The increase in sample-to-catalyst ratio reduced the amount of carbon deposited on the mesh catalyst in terms of g carbon g −1 plastic. The carbons were found to be largely composed of filamentous carbons, with negligible disordered (amorphous) carbons. Transmission electron microscopy analysis of the filamentous carbons revealed them to be composed of a large proportion (estimated at ∼40%) multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The optimum process conditions for CNT production, in terms of yield and graphitic nature, determined by Raman spectroscopy, was catalysis temperature of 800°C and plastic-to-catalyst ratio of 1:2, where a mass of 334 mg of filamentous/MWCNTs g −1 plastic was produced.ARTICLE HISTORY

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Catalytic carbonization of polypropylene by the combined catalysis of activated carbon with Ni2O3 into carbon nanotubes and its mechanism

Cited by 125 publications

References 40 publications

Control of steam input to the pyrolysis-gasification of waste plastics for improved production of hydrogen or carbon nanotubes

Control of steam input to the pyrolysis-gasification of waste plastics for improved production of hydrogen or carbon nanotubes

Co-production of hydrogen and carbon nanotubes from real-world waste plastics: Influence of catalyst composition and operational parameters

Pyrolysis–catalysis of waste plastic using a nickel–stainless-steel mesh catalyst for high-value carbon products

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