Catalytic graphitization of coke carbon by iron: Understanding the evolution of carbon Structure, morphology and lattice fringes

Li, Hongtao; Zhang, Hang; Li, Kejiang; Zhang, Jianliang; Sun, Minmin; Su, Buxin

doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2020.118531

Cited by 66 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…The formation of the carbide might also explain why Fe is a more effective bulk graphitization catalyst than Ni or Co, as there is no stable carbide phase in the Ni−C and Co−C phase diagrams. 62 The nanosized nature of the catalyst particles resulting from the decomposition of the FeCl 3 precursor probably explains why graphitization occurs at much lower temperatures in our system than that observed by Li et al 63 (∼1200 °C), who mixed powders of milled coke carbon and iron (particle sizes <74 and <5 μm, respectively). The large particle sizes of Fe in the cited study probably limited the formation of Fe 3 C due to the sluggish diffusion kinetics, and thus, graphitization only started when a liquid phase formed via a solution reprecipitation mechanism.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural Evolution in Iron-Catalyzed Graphitization of Hard Carbons

2021

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Despite the recent interest in catalytic graphitization to obtain graphite-like materials from hard-carbon sources, many aspects of its mechanism are still poorly unknown. We performed a series of in situ experiments to study phase transformations during graphitization of a hard-carbon precursor using an iron catalyst at temperatures up to 1100 °C and ex situ total scattering experiments up to 2000 °C to study the structural evolution of the resulting graphitized carbon. Our results show that upon heating and cooling, iron undergoes a series of reductions to form hematite, magnetite, and wustite before forming a carbide that later decomposes into metallic iron and additional graphite and that the graphitization fraction increases with increasing peak temperature. Structural development with temperature results in decreasing sheet curvature and increased stacking, along with a decrease in turbostratic disorder up to 1600 °C. Higher graphitization temperatures result in larger graphitic domains without further ordering of the graphene sheets. Our results have implications for the synthesis of novel biomass-derived carbon materials with enhanced crystallinity.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural Evolution in Iron-Catalyzed Graphitization of Hard Carbons

2021

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“…For this reason, graphitization is a very energy-demanding process, and it is typically performed by heating petroleum coke up to 3000 °C in furnaces to produce synthetic graphite at the industrial level. The introduction of metal catalysts allows us to operate at lower temperatures [ 60 ], but metal residues are difficult to separate from the product.…”

Section: The Graphitization Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon Graphitization: Towards Greener Alternatives to Develop Nanomaterials for Targeted Drug Delivery

Marin

Marchesan

2022

Biomedicines

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Carbon nanomaterials have attracted great interest for their unique physico-chemical properties for various applications, including medicine and, in particular, drug delivery, to solve the most challenging unmet clinical needs. Graphitization is a process that has become very popular for their production or modification. However, traditional conditions are energy-demanding; thus, recent efforts have been devoted to the development of greener routes that require lower temperatures or that use waste or byproducts as a carbon source in order to be more sustainable. In this concise review, we analyze the progress made in the last five years in this area, as well as in their development as drug delivery agents, focusing on active targeting, and conclude with a perspective on the future of the field.

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“…It is found that Fe, Ni, Mo, Mn, Cr, Ti and Zr react according to the mechanism of dissolution and precipitation [73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84] . Li h found that during the process of iron catalyzed graphitization, iron particles adhered to the surface of carbon particles, then heated at high temperature, iron particles melted and wrapped the carbon particles.…”

Section: Mineralizer Actionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Research status and development direction of controlling factors of graphite mineralization in coal measures

Tian¹,

Li²,

Liubing³

et al. 2021

ajsre

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Coal-measure graphite mineralization control is affected by many factors. In order to explore the ore-forming control factors and influence mechanism, the paper comprehensively analyzes the influence and mechanism of each factor from five aspects of coal rock composition, coal grade, temperature, pressure and mineralizer, combined with geological examples. The results show that in the process of graphite mineralization in coal measures, the components of coal and rock have the ability of graphitization, but the higher the degree of metamorphism of coal as carbon source, the higher the degree of graphitization of products, the higher the ore-forming temperature, and the higher the degree of graphitization. The development of tectonic movement promotes the graphitization, but the degree of graphitization is different and complicated due to the stress dissipation. Different minerals in coal have different effects on graphite mineralization in coal measures, and its mechanism needs to be further explored. Finally, it is pointed out that the research direction of coal series graphite lies in the different graphitization mechanism of the same rank coal and the different influence mechanism of different minerals in coal.

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Catalytic graphitization of coke carbon by iron: Understanding the evolution of carbon Structure, morphology and lattice fringes

Cited by 66 publications

References 38 publications

Structural Evolution in Iron-Catalyzed Graphitization of Hard Carbons

Structural Evolution in Iron-Catalyzed Graphitization of Hard Carbons

Carbon Graphitization: Towards Greener Alternatives to Develop Nanomaterials for Targeted Drug Delivery

Research status and development direction of controlling factors of graphite mineralization in coal measures

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