Catalytic Hydroxyalkylation/Alkylation of 2-Methylfuran with Butanal to Form a Biodiesel Precursor Using Acidic Ion-Exchange Resins

Abstract

The catalytic hydroxyalkylation/alkylation of 2-methylfuran (2MF) with butanal has been investigated over several acidic ion-exchange resins within the temperature range 50−90°C and at a stoichiometric reactant molar ratio of 2MF/butanal (2:1). Butanal conversion increases with temperature and also the formation of undesired 2-methylfuran oligomers, leading to a decrease in yield of the target product. The highest butanal conversion (90%) is achieved at 50°C over Dowex 50Wx2 with a negligible formation of 2-methylfuran oligomers. The observed catalytic activity and final yield of the target product have been rationalized on the basis of morphological properties of resins and their dynamic behavior within the present reaction medium. The findings reveal that gel-type resins are more active and render higher product yields than their macroreticular congeners due to the enhanced accessibility to acid centers because of their improved ability to swell throughout the reaction. Macroreticular resins with a low cross-linking degree, e.g., Amberlyst39, also produce interesting catalytic results. The stability of the most promising catalyst has been evaluated after three reaction cycles, and the full reusability outcome speaks for its appropriateness as a potential catalyst for the studied process. 32 (2MF, also known as sylvan) 8 obtained from furfural has 33 recently attracted interests for biofuel production due to its 34 versatility to direct blending with gasoline 9 and diesel 10 and to 35 synthesize high-density biofuel. 11 For instance, the hydrox-36 yalkylation/alkylation (HAA) of sylvan with n-butanal 37 produces 1,1-bisylvylbutane (BSB), which can be transformed 38 into 6-propyl undecane by a subsequent hydrodeoxygenation 39 (HDO) step in series. Using platinum-supported carbon-or 40 alumina-based catalysts, a mixture of C9, C12, and C14 alkanes 41 can be obtained as an organic phase from the second reaction

Tuning Ion Transport at the Anode‐Electrolyte Interface via a Sulfonate‐Rich Ion‐Exchange Layer for Durable Zinc‐Iodine Batteries

“…[ 7 ] Adhering to the pursuit of low‐cost, green, and large‐scale EES system, we have further found a famous and well‐established technology, namely ion‐exchange technology, which has been widely used in various fields, such as water treatment, [ 23 ] energy storage, [ 24 ] and catalysis. [ 25 ] Typically, organic ion‐exchange materials are composed of insoluble polymer skeleton and active groups, which are used to prevent the material from dissolving in water and determine the essential sorption characteristics of the material, respectively. Depending on the active group in the polymer skeleton, ion‐exchange materials can therefore realize the enrichment and separation of various ions in water.…”

Catalytic Valorization of Sugarcane Bagasse to Chemicals and Aviation Fuel Precursors

“…This approach offers an alternative route to fuel precursors from olefins rather than more costly aldehydes. 104 Future experiments will explore the direct synthesis of oxygenated fuel precursors from olefins using a heterogenized hydroformylation catalyst to enable continuous processing and improved sustainability.…”

“…AlOOH/C hydrochar derived from hydrothermal carbonization of SB with AlCl 3 is thus an effective catalyst for the HAA of aldehydes with 2-MF, and in combination with Rh­(CO) 2 (acac), it permits the one-pot synthesis of oxygenated fuel precursors from olefins via cascade hydroformylation and HAA reactions (Scheme S1). This approach offers an alternative route to fuel precursors from olefins rather than more costly aldehydes . Future experiments will explore the direct synthesis of oxygenated fuel precursors from olefins using a heterogenized hydroformylation catalyst to enable continuous processing and improved sustainability.…”

Homogeneous Catalyzed Valorization of Furanics: A Sustainable Bridge to Fuels and Chemicals

“…The elongating of carbon chains of biomass-derived furanic compounds to produce fuel precursors or furan-based platform molecules can be achieved using several strategies, including aldol condensation [210,211], hydroxyalkylation/alkylation [212,213], Knoevenagel condensation [214], benzoin condensation [215], and Diels−Alder reaction [216].…”