Catalytic ozonation of ammonia using biomass char and wood fly ash

Biomass fly ash effect on fresh and hardened state properties of cement based materials

“…A similar trend is limited to only about 15 min on 20BFA mortars, being the lack of fluidity more evident in the case of BFA1 again as a result of its higher surface area and organic content. The vertical variation on the torque line increases gradually in each stop time (15,30,45 and 60 min) (Fig. 5a), indicating some structures formation in this period.…”

The Physicochemical Properties and Composition of Biomass Ash and Evaluating Directions of its Applications

“…Biomass ash grains are characterized by a complex morphology [56][57]. Noticeable is the dominant number of irregular particles.…”

Chemical and thermal methods for removing ammonia from fly ashes

“…The second is based on •NH 2 radical formation, with the intermediate stage comprising hydrazine formation (20)(21)(22)(23) [19,20]: …”

“…All the results of the methods which used ozone with dry or semi-dry ash (1-5% water) are shown in Table 5. In all variants of the process, pH should be increased (pH > 10) by using an addition of Ca(OH) 2 [22]. Ozone reduces the ammonia content in all the conditions used, and the best results were obtained for an ozone concentration at a level of 2% by volume and process temperatures of 150°C [22].…”

“…The authors of the patent [22] provide experimental data of ammonia oxidation by ozone. The process was conducted by applying water to the ash in the form of a mist or warm humid air, constituting 1-5 wt-% moisture in the solid ash.…”