Energy storage technology is a valuable tool for storing and utilizing newly generated energy. Lithium-based batteries have proven to be effective energy storage units in various technological devices due to their high-energy density. However, a major obstacle to developing lithium-based battery technology is the lack of high-performance electrode materials with a long lifespan, superior rate capability, and high safety standards. Thus, the rational design of highly reliable electrode materials is crucial when considering the development of high-performance lithium-based batteries for sustainable energy storage. As a result, titanium dioxide-based nanocomposites have gained a lot of interest as potential electrode materials for lithium-based batteries due to their unique properties such as structural characteristics, low cost, safety, and environmental friendliness. Therefore, this chapter gives an overview of the properties, preparation methods, and application of titanium dioxide-based nanocomposites as anode and cathode active materials for high-performance lithium-based batteries.