Catalytic Processes

Chemical looping beyond combustion – a perspective

“…327 Nevertheless, the plant was shut down in the early 2000s, partially owing to economic reasons related to a rapidly changing market situation for different raw materials and intermediates, 350 but also owing to problems with catalyst loss through attrition 351 and deteriorating oxidation kinetics of the VPO catalyst, which resulted in a gradual loss in oxygen capacity during operation such that O 2 had to be co-fed. 352 We also note that the oxygen capacity of the VPO redox catalyst was rather low to begin with, corresponding to merely a few monolayers of lattice oxygen near the catalyst surface. 353,354 4.3 Chemical looping involving liquid and solid fuels 4.3.1 Liquid fuels driven processes.…”