Catalytic pyrolysis of polymers with brominated flame-retardants originating in waste electric and electronic equipment (WEEE) using various catalysts

Charitopoulou, Maria Anna; Stefanidis, Stylianos D.; Lappas, Angelos A.; Achilias, Dimitris S.

doi:10.1016/j.scp.2022.100612

Cited by 13 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…91−94 Among these, the large pore size and high acidity of HY(30) exhibit superior cracking and catalytic debromination abilities for PCB pyrolysis, resulting in high yields of monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (MAHs) and monophenols. 92 HBeta and HZSM-5 with strong acidic sites are inclined to convert styrene intermediates into BTX and other hydrocarbons during the catalytic pyrolysis of e-waste plastics. 93 Modified Fe/Al 2 O 3 exhibits a remarkable debromination efficiency over 75% and promotes the formation of phenolic compounds.…”

Section: In Situ Catalytic Pyrolysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, various solid acidic catalysts, such as ZSM-5, HY, HBeta, Al 2 O 3 , and spent FCC, are used for the in situ catalytic pyrolysis of bromine-containing plastics. − Among these, the large pore size and high acidity of HY(30) exhibit superior cracking and catalytic debromination abilities for PCB pyrolysis, resulting in high yields of monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (MAHs) and monophenols . HBeta and HZSM-5 with strong acidic sites are inclined to convert styrene intermediates into BTX and other hydrocarbons during the catalytic pyrolysis of e-waste plastics .…”

Section: Recent Advancements In Thermochemical Treatmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…HBeta and HZSM-5 with strong acidic sites are inclined to convert styrene intermediates into BTX and other hydrocarbons during the catalytic pyrolysis of e-waste plastics . Modified Fe/Al 2 O 3 exhibits a remarkable debromination efficiency over 75% and promotes the formation of phenolic compounds . The Pd-containing spent automotive catalysts for the catalytic pyrolysis of waste PCBs exhibit a notable debromination rate of 66.8% at 260 °C …”

Section: Recent Advancements In Thermochemical Treatmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recent Advancements in Pyrolysis of Halogen-Containing Plastics for Resource Recovery and Halogen Upcycling: A State-of-the-Art Review

Ma,

Kumagai,

Saito

et al. 2024

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Plastic waste has emerged as a serious issue due to its impact on environmental degradation and resource scarcity. Plastic recycling, especially of halogen-containing plastics, presents challenges due to potential secondary pollution and lower-value implementations. Chemical recycling via pyrolysis is the most versatile and robust approach for combating plastic waste. In this Review, we present recent advancements in halogen-plastic pyrolysis for resource utilization and the potential pathways from "reducing to recycling to upcycling" halogens. We emphasize the advanced management of halogen-plastics through copyrolysis with solid wastes (waste polymers, biomass, coal, etc.), which is an efficient method for dealing with mixed wastes to obtain high-value products while reducing undesirable substances. Innovations in catalyst design and reaction configurations for catalytic pyrolysis are comprehensively evaluated. In particular, a tandem catalysis system is a promising route for halogen removal and selective conversion of targeted products. Furthermore, we propose novel insights regarding the utilization and upcycling of halogens from halogen-plastics. This includes the preparation of halogen-based sorbents for elemental mercury removal, the halogenation−vaporization process for metal recovery, and the development of halogendoped functional materials for new materials and energy applications. The reutilization of halogens facilitates the upcycling of halogen-plastics, but many efforts are needed for mutually beneficial outcomes. Overall, future investigations in the development of copyrolysis and catalyst-driven technologies for upcycling halogen-plastics are highlighted.

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Section: In Situ Catalytic Pyrolysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Recent Advancements In Thermochemical Treatmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Recent Advancements In Thermochemical Treatmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recent Advancements in Pyrolysis of Halogen-Containing Plastics for Resource Recovery and Halogen Upcycling: A State-of-the-Art Review

Ma,

Kumagai,

Saito

et al. 2024

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…Structure-property relationships can be used to assess the potential applications of symmetrical and unsymmetrical azoalkanes of the general formula R −N = N−R and related azoxy, hydrazone, as well as azine, derivatives as novel flame retardants for polypropylene, either alone or in combination with commercially available flame retardants [117]. Although bromine-containing compounds-in combination with antimony oxide-are very efficient flame retardants [118,119], attention is given to monitor the Br content [118,119] and to try to reduce its amount, in the effort to develop more environmentfriendly systems [117].…”

Section: Molecular Symmetry Effects In Pyrolysis Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Catalytic Pyrolysis of Plastic Waste and Molecular Symmetry Effects: A Review

et al. 2022

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The present review addresses the latest findings and limitations in catalytic pyrolysis for the processing of plastic waste into valuable fuels. Compared to thermal degradation of plastics, catalytic pyrolysis provides better results in regards to the quality of the obtained liquid hydrocarbon fuel. Different types of catalysts can be used in order to improve the thermal degradation of plastics. Some of the most used catalysts are different types of zeolites (HUSY, HZSM-5, Hβ), Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC), silica-alumina catalysts, or natural clays. There is a need to find affordable and effective catalysts in the aim of achieving commercialization of catalytic pyrolysis of plastic waste. Therefore, this study summarizes and presents the most significant results found in the literature in regards to catalytic pyrolysis. This paper also investigates the symmetry effects of molecules on the pyrolysis process.

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“…In another work, red mud, limestone and natural zeolite were examined for their efficiency in removing bromine and antimony from pyrolysis oils and it was observed that all of them could lead to bromine reduction, although the red mud produced the best debromination results [ 20 ]. In our previous study [ 21 ], five different catalysts were investigated for their efficiency in reducing the brominated products formed during pyrolysis of some brominated flame-retarded polymeric blends. According to the results, Fe/Al 2 O 3 , Fe/MgO and MgO led to significant bromine reduction, greater than 55%.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Removal of Bromine from Polymer Blends with a Composition Simulating That Found in Waste Electric and Electronic Equipment through a Facile and Environmentally Friendly Method

2023

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The increasing volume of plastics from waste electric and electronic equipment (WEEE) nowadays is of major concern since the various toxic compounds that are formed during their handling enhance the difficulties in recycling them. To overcome these problems, this work examines solvent extraction as a pretreatment method, prior to thermochemical recycling by pyrolysis. The aim is to remove bromine from some polymeric blends, with a composition that simulates WEEE, in the presence of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA). Various solvents—isopropanol, ethanol and butanol—as well as several extraction times, were investigated in order to find the optimal choice. Before and after the pretreatment, blends were analysed by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) to estimate the total bromine content. Blends were pyrolyzed before and after the soxhlet extraction in order to evaluate the derived products. FTIR measurements of the polymeric blends before and after the soxhlet extraction showed that their structure was maintained. From the results obtained, it was indicated that the reduction of bromine was achieved in all cases tested and it was ~34% for blend I and ~46% and 42% for blend II when applying a 6 h soxhlet with isopropanol and ethanol, respectively. When using butanol bromine was completely eliminated, since the reduction reached almost 100%. The latter finding is of great importance, since the complete removal of bromine enables the recycling of pure plastics. Therefore, the main contribution of this work to the advancement of knowledge lies in the use of a solvent (i.e., butanol) which is environmentally friendly and with a high dissolving capacity in brominated compounds, which can be used in a pretreatment stage of plastic wastes before it is recycled by pyrolysis.

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Catalytic pyrolysis of polymers with brominated flame-retardants originating in waste electric and electronic equipment (WEEE) using various catalysts

Cited by 13 publications

References 33 publications

Recent Advancements in Pyrolysis of Halogen-Containing Plastics for Resource Recovery and Halogen Upcycling: A State-of-the-Art Review

Recent Advancements in Pyrolysis of Halogen-Containing Plastics for Resource Recovery and Halogen Upcycling: A State-of-the-Art Review

Catalytic Pyrolysis of Plastic Waste and Molecular Symmetry Effects: A Review

Removal of Bromine from Polymer Blends with a Composition Simulating That Found in Waste Electric and Electronic Equipment through a Facile and Environmentally Friendly Method

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