Catalytic reactors for fuel processing

Abstract

Fuel processing is the conversion of fossil and regenerative fuels to hydrogen-containing gas mixtures. The chemical conversion is performed in most cases in the gas phase, normally heterogeneously catalyzed in the presence of a solid catalyst. The first step of the conversion procedure is named reforming. It has been established in large-scale industrial processes for many decades. The industrial applications most commonly use natural gas as feedstock. The product of the natural gas reforming process is synthesis gas, a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, which is then used for numerous processes in large-scale chemical production which are not subject of this section but rather the technology, which provides a hydrogen-containing gas mixture, named reformate, which is a feed suitable for a fuel cell. The fuel cell then converts hydrogen to electrical energy. Depending on the fuel cell type, removal of carbon monoxide might be required, which is achieved by water-gas shift and preferential oxidation reactions performed downstream the reformer. The reactor types suitable for mobile and decentralized applications are, apart from conventional fixed-bed reactors, ceramic and metallic monoliths, (microchannel) plate heat exchangers, and membrane reactors which allow the combination of membrane separation with the reactions mentioned previously

Symmetry-Adapted Perturbation Theory Decomposition of the Reaction Force: Insights into Substituent Effects Involved in Hemiacetal Formation Mechanisms

“…These processes are often governed by the propensity of molecules to react and form new species. Many significant scientific challenges and new technological advancements depend on an elementary understanding of fundamental chemical processes, for example, the design of efficient catalytic reactors that depends on a fundamental understanding of catalysis, , genetic engineering that depends on the understanding of biosynthetic pathways, and numerous technological advances that hinge on the design and production of new materials. − Computational quantum chemistry can be particularly helpful in obtaining key insight into chemical reactions. Many theories arising from this field, such as Marcus theory, valence-bond theory, and frontier molecular orbital theory, have transformed our understanding of chemical reactions and are even routinely applied by experimentalists.…”